IAPWS95

Benedito Dias Baptista Filho, Shawn Way

03/06/2022

This Vignette exemplifies the use of some functions of the Package IAPWS95, which calculates water thermodynamic and transport properties as function of different combinations of Temperature, Density, Pressure, Enthalphy and Entropy. The functions presented are used to return single values or generate tables of thermodynamic properties, being useful for scientists and engineers who analyze thermal and hydraulic experimental data or are involved with projects and equipment development, like turbines or nuclear reactors. This Vignette shows too few examples, but each function is documented with examples.

The name IAPWS95 comes from the “IAPWS Formulation 1995 for the Thermodynamic Properties of Ordinary Water Substance for General and Scientific Use”, a formulation developed by “The International Association for the Properties of Water and Steam”, revised in 2014. https://iapws.org/

IAPWS-95 formulation is based on the fundamental equation of Helmholtz free energy as a function of temperature and density, f = f(T, ρ). Other thermodynamic properties are obtained by differentiation and algebraic manipulation without the use of any other information. IAPWS-95 defines accurately the thermodynamic properties of the fluid phases of ordinary water substance, with complete thermodynamic consistency among these properties, over a wide range of states (pressures up to 1000 MPa and temperatures from the melting and sublimation temperatures to 1273 K). In this package the lower temperature limit is the triple point temperature, 273.16 K. The definition of properties includes those on the liquid–vapor equilibrium line.

The transport properties programmed were based on different IAPWS Releases: “Release on the IAPWS Formulation 2011 for the Thermal Conductivity of Ordinary Water Substance”; “Release on the IAPWS Formulation 2008 for the Viscosity of Ordinary Water Substance”; “Revised Release on Surface Tension of Ordinary Water Substance” (2014). The melting pressure was based on the “Revised Release on the Pressure along the Melting and Sublimation Curves of Ordinary Water Substance” (2011). The vapor pressure function introduced in this version was based on the Wagner and Pruß equation (1993).

# Entropy Function of Pressure, with Temperature Constant
library(IAPWS95)
library(pander)
# Initial Pressure
p1 <- 10.
# Final Pressure
p2 <- 100.
# Pressure increment
dp <- 10.
# Temperature
T <- 450.
capture.output( Tabs <- spTcteTab(p1, p2, dp, T), file='NUL')
pander::pandoc.table(Tabs)

# Saturation Properties Function of Temperature
library(IAPWS95)
library(pander)
# Initial Temperature
T1 <- 300.
# Final Temperature
T2 <- 400.
# Temperature increment
dT <- 10.
capture.output( TabT <- satTabvT(T1, T2, dT), file='NUL')
pander::pandoc.table(TabT)

# Dynamic Viscosity [ Pa s ]
library(IAPWS95)
# Temperature
T <- 500.
# Density
D <- 838.025
ViscTD(T,D)

# Specific Enthalpy [ kJ kg-1 ]
hTD(T,D)

# Pressure [ MPa ]
pTD(T,D)

# Specific Internal Energy [ kJ kg-1 ]
library(IAPWS95)
# Temperature
T <- 500.
# Pressure
p <- 10.0003858
uTp(T,p)

# Specific Enthalpy [ kJ kg-1 ]
#hTp(T,p)

# Error Codes
library(IAPWS95)
library(pander)
capture.output( errorT <- errorCodes, file='NUL')
pander::pandoc.table(errorT)

library(IAPWS95)
library(ggplot2)
# Initial Temperature
T1 <- 275.
# Final Temperature
T2 <- 647.
# Temperature increment
dT <- 3.
capture.output( Tab <- satTabT(T1, T2, dT), file='NUL')
x1 <- Tab[,6]
x2 <- rev(Tab[,7])
s <- append(x1, x2)
y1 <- Tab[,4]
y2 <- rev(Tab[,5])
h <- append(y1, y2)
# h- Graph
plot(s,h, type = "o", pch=20)
grid()

dados <- as.data.frame(s)
dados$h <- h
ggplot2::ggplot(dados, ggplot2::aes(x=s, y=h)) + ggplot2::geom_line()