The goal of idmact is to provide an implementation of the Schiel (1998) algorithm for interpreting differences between mean ACT assessment scores.
You can install the released version of idmact from CRAN with:
install.packages("idmact")You can install the development version of idmact from GitHub with:
# install.packages("devtools")
devtools::install_github("mncube/idmact")The idmact package provides tools designed to examine the significance of differences between mean ACT scale scores over time. The fundamental algorithm for composite scale scores consists of the following six steps:
Add one unit to the raw score of one or more subjects for each student to derive adjusted raw scores.
Convert adjusted raw scores to adjusted scale scores using the form’s raw score to scale score map. Note that perfect raw scores are always converted to the maximum allowable scale score, irrespective of the adjustment in step one.
For each student, sum the adjusted scale scores across all subject areas, divide this sum by the number of subject areas, and round to the nearest integer. This produces each student’s adjusted composite scale score.
Calculate the adjusted mean composite scale score across all students (m_adj).
Calculate the unadjusted mean composite scale score across all observations (m_unadj).
Compute the difference between the adjusted and unadjusted mean composite scale scores to get the delta composite: deltac = m_adj - m_unadj
While this algorithm was initially developed to address the challenges in interpreting differences between mean ACT scale scores, it can also be beneficial in other contexts. These may include situations where different forms of an assessment have varying raw score to scale score maps, particularly when the relationship between raw and scale scores is complex and/or proprietary.
In the subsequent example, we’ll use the algorithm described above to interpret differences between two forms of a hypothetical assessment. Both forms share the same range of raw scores and scale scores. However, the conversion map from raw scores to scale scores differs between the two assessments. To keep this example straightforward, we’ll simulate a single data set of raw scores and then use the algorithm to compare mean differences in scale scores between the two assessments. This initial example will concentrate on a single subject area, hence step 3 of the algorithm will not be included.
library(idmact)
# Create 100 raw scores
set.seed(279)
raw_scores <- as.list(sample(1:100, 100, replace = TRUE))
# Map between raw scores and scale scores for each form
## Each form has scale scores ranging from 1 to 12
map_scale <- c(1:12)
## Each assessment has raw scores ranging from 1 - 100
map_raw_formA <- list(1:5, 6:20, 21:25, 26:40, 41:45, 46:50, 51:55,
56:75, 76:80, 81:85, 86:90, 91:100)
map_raw_formB <- list(1:10, 11:20, 21:30, 31:40, 41:50, 51:55, 56:65,
66:75, 76:85, 86:90, 91:95, 96:100)In the raw score to scale score map presented above, vectors/lists were utilized to efficiently map each of the 100 raw scores to each of the 12 scale scores. Use the map_elongate function to expand the raw and scale sections of the map into a format where each portion is a list of 100. This is the map format required for the idmact_subj function, which implements the subject-level algorithm.
formA <- map_elongate(map_raw = map_raw_formA,
map_scale = map_scale)
formB <- map_elongate(map_raw = map_raw_formB,
map_scale = map_scale)Utilize the raw data and the maps stored in formA and formB to calculate and compare the subject-level delta (deltas). In the algorithm below, each raw score is increased by 1 using the default value of the inc parameter.
resA <- idmact_subj(raw = raw_scores,
map_raw = formA$map_raw,
map_scale = formA$map_scale)
resB <- idmact_subj(raw = raw_scores,
map_raw = formB$map_raw,
map_scale = formB$map_scale)cat("Form A subject level delta:", resA$deltas, "\n")
#> Form A subject level delta: 0.11
cat("Form B subject level delta:", resB$deltas)
#> Form B subject level delta: 0.1In this section, the function idmact_subj is used to calculate the ‘delta’ for each form (A and B). The ‘delta’ is the difference between the mean adjusted scale score and the mean unadjusted scale score. This ‘delta’ value provides an estimate of how much the mean scale score would increase if every student were to answer one additional item correctly on the test.
In the provided example:
For Form A, the subject level delta is 0.11, meaning the mean scale score is expected to increase by 0.11 if every student answers one additional item correctly.
For Form B, the subject level delta is 0.1, suggesting that the mean scale score would increase by 0.1 under the same conditions.
The results indicate that Form A is more responsive to increases in raw scores, as a one unit increase in raw score leads to a larger increase in the mean scale score for Form A compared to Form B.
The idmact_comp function can be used to calculate the delta for composite scores (deltac). In the example below, raw scores for an additional subject area (‘s2’) will be created and combined with the data from the previous example to demonstrate idmact_comp.
# Create 100 raw scores
set.seed(250)
raw_scores_s2 <- as.list(sample(1:100, 100, replace = TRUE))
# Subject two will use the same ranges for raw scores and scale scores as in
# the previous example, but the map will be slightly different.
map_raw_formA_s2 <- list(1:10, 11:25, 26:30, 31:40, 41:45, 46:50, 51:60,
61:75, 76:80, 81:85, 86:90, 91:100)
map_raw_formB_s2 <- list(1:10, 11:16, 17:25, 26:35, 36:45, 46:55, 56:60,
61:75, 76:85, 86:90, 91:95, 96:100)
formA_s2 <- map_elongate(map_raw = map_raw_formA_s2,
map_scale = map_scale)
formB_s2 <- map_elongate(map_raw = map_raw_formB_s2,
map_scale = map_scale)In the algorithm below, each raw score for each subject is incremented by 1.
resA_comp <- idmact_comp(raw = list(raw_scores, raw_scores_s2),
inc = list(1, 1),
map_raw = list(formA$map_raw, formA_s2$map_raw),
map_scale = list(formA$map_scale, formA_s2$map_scale))
resB_comp <- idmact_comp(raw = list(raw_scores, raw_scores_s2),
inc = list(1, 1),
map_raw = list(formB$map_raw, formB_s2$map_raw),
map_scale = list(formB$map_scale, formB_s2$map_scale))cat("Form A composite level delta:", resA_comp$composite_results$deltac, "\n")
#> Form A composite level delta: 0.08
cat("Form B composite level delta:", resB_comp$composite_results$deltac)
#> Form B composite level delta: 0.08In the composite example, two subjects are considered instead of one, and the idmact_comp function is used to calculate the composite level delta (deltac). The composite level delta is calculated in a similar way to the subject level delta, but it considers the total adjusted and unadjusted scale scores across all subjects, rather than just one.
In the provided example:
For both Form A and Form B, the composite level delta is 0.08. This means that if every student were to answer one additional item correctly on each form, the mean composite scale score is expected to increase by 0.08.
This suggests that, when considering multiple subjects, both Form A and Form B respond similarly to increases in raw scores.
cat("Form A subject area 2 delta:", resA_comp$subject_results[[2]]$deltas, "\n")
#> Form A subject area 2 delta: 0.05
cat("Form B subject area 2 delta:", resB_comp$subject_results[[2]]$deltas)
#> Form B subject area 2 delta: 0.08This section presents the ‘delta’ for the second subject area specifically. The ‘delta’ for the second subject area is calculated in the same way as the subject level delta mentioned in the first section, but it only considers the scores for the second subject.
In the provided example:
For Form A, the subject area 2 delta is 0.05, suggesting that the mean scale score for the second subject would increase by 0.05 if every student answered one additional item correctly.
For Form B, the subject area 2 delta is 0.08, meaning that the mean scale score for the second subject would increase by 0.08 under the same conditions.
These results indicate that, for the second subject area specifically, Form B is more responsive to increases in raw scores.