| Internet-Draft | Reserve ALT TLD | December 2021 |
| Kumari | Expires 18 June 2022 | [Page] |
This document reserves a string (ALT) to be used as a TLD label in non-DNS contexts. It also provides advice and guidance to developers developing alternative namespaces.¶
[Ed note: Text inside square brackets ([]) is additional background information, answers to frequently asked questions, general musings, etc. They will be removed before publication. This document is being collaborated on in Github at: https://github.com/wkumari/draft- wkumari-dnsop-alt-tld. The most recent version of the document, open issues, etc should all be available here. The authors (gratefully) accept pull requests. ]¶
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Many protocols and systems need to name entities. Names that look like DNS names (a series of labels separated with dots) have become common, even in systems that are not part of the global DNS administered by IANA. This document reserves the label "ALT" (short for "Alternative") as a Special Use Domain ([RFC6761]). This label is intended to be used as the final (rightmost) label to signify that the name is not rooted in the DNS, and that it should not be resolved using the DNS protocol.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in [RFC2119].¶
This document assumes familiarity with DNS terms and concepts. Please see [RFC1034] for background and concepts, and [RFC7719] for terminology. Readers are also expected to be familiar with the discussions in [RFC8244]¶
The success of the DNS makes it a natural starting point for systems that need to name entities in a non-DNS context.¶
In many cases, these systems build a DNS-style tree parallel to, but separate from, the global DNS. They often use a pseudo-TLD to cause resolution in the alternative namespace, using browser plugins, shims in the name resolution process, or simply applications that perform special handling of this particular alternative namespace. An example of such a system is the Tor network's [Dingledine2004] use of the ".onion" Special-Use Top-Level Domain Name (see [RFC7686]).¶
In many cases, the creators of these alternative namespaces have chosen a convenient or descriptive string and started using it. These strings are not registered anywhere nor are they part of the DNS. However, to users and to some applications, they appear to be TLDs; and issues may arise if they are looked up in the DNS. This document suggests that name resolution libraries (stub resolvers) recognize names ending in ".alt" as special, and not attempt to look them up using the DNS protocol in order to limit the effects of queries accidentally leaking into the DNS.¶
The techniques in this document are primarily intended to address the "Experimental Squatting Problem", the "Land Rush Problem", and "Name Collisions" issues discussed in [RFC8244] (which contains much additional background, etc).¶
This document reserves the ALT label, using the [RFC6761] process, for use as an unmanaged pseudo-TLD namespace. The ALT label MAY be used in any domain name as a pseudo-TLD to signify that this is an alternative (non-DNS) namespace, and should not be looked up in a DNS context.¶
Alternative namespaces should differentiate themselves from other alternative namespaces by choosing a name and using it in the label position just before the pseudo-TLD (ALT). For example, a group wishing to create a namespace for Friends Of Olaf might choose the string "foo" and use any set of labels under foo.alt.¶
As names beneath ALT are in an alternative namespace, they have no significance in the regular DNS context and so should not be looked up in the DNS context.¶
Groups wishing to create new alternative namespaces may create their alternative namespace under a label that names their namespace under the ALT label. They should attempt to choose a label that they expect to be unique and, ideally, descriptive. There is no IANA registry for names under the ALT TLD - it is an unmanaged namespace, and developers are responsible for dealing with any collisions that may occur under .alt. Informal lists of namespaces under .alt may be created to assist the developer community.¶
Currently deployed projects and protocols that are using pseudo-TLDs may choose to move under the ALT TLD, but this is not a requirement. Rather, the ALT TLD is being reserved so that current and future projects of a similar nature have a designated place to create alternative resolution namespaces that will not conflict with the regular DNS context.¶
A number of names other than "ALT" were considered and discarded. While these are not DNS names, in order for this technique to be effective the names need to continue to follow both the DNS format and conventions (a prime consideration for alternative name formats is that they can be entered in places that normally take DNS context names); this rules out using suffixes that do not follow the usual letter, digit, and hyphen label convention.¶
A short label was deemed desirable for a number of reasons, including:¶
The IANA is requested to add the ALT string to the "Special-Use Domain Name" registry ([RFC6761], and reference this document.¶
This section is to satisfy the requirement in Section 5 of RFC6761.¶
The string ".alt." (and names ending with the string .alt) are special in the following ways:¶
Earlier versions of this document requested that .ALT be added to the "Locally Served Zones" registry, and that a DNSSEC insecure delegation (a delegation with no DS record) be created at the root. Significant discussion on the DNSOP list (and an interim meeting) generated the consensus that these names are specifically not DNS names, and that them leaking into the DNS is an error. This means that the current (non-delegated) response of NXDOMAIN is correct as there is no DNS domain .alt, and so the document was updated to remove these requests.¶
This document reserves ALT to be used to indicate that a name is not a DNS name, and so should not attempt to be resolved using the DNS. Unfortunately, these queries will undoubtedly leak into the DNS - for example, a user may receive an email containing a hostname which should be resolved using a specific resolution context (implemented by a specific application or resolution mechanism). If the user does not have that particular application installed (and their stub resolver library has not been updated to ignore queries for names ending in .alt), it is likely that this will instead be resolved using the DNS. This DNS query will likely be sent to the configured iterative resolver. If this resolver does not have a cache entry for this name (or, if the resolver implements [RFC8198], an entry for .alt) this query will likely be sent to the DNS root servers. This exposes the (leaked) query name to the operator of the resolver, the operator of the queried DNS root server, and anyone watching queries along the path. This is a general problem with alternative name spaces and not confined to names ending in .alt.¶
One of the motivations for the creation of the .alt pseudo-TLD is that unmanaged labels in the managed root name space are subject to unexpected takeover. This could occur if the manager of the root name space decides to delegate the unmanaged label.¶
The unmanaged and "registration not required" nature of labels beneath .alt provides the opportunity for an attacker to re-use the chosen label and thereby possibly compromise applications dependent on the special host name.¶
We would like to thank Joe Abley, Mark Andrews, Erik Auerswald, Marc Blanchet, John Bond, Stephane Bortzmeyer, David Cake, David Conrad, Steve Crocker, Brian Dickson, Ralph Droms, Robert Edmonds, Patrik Faltstrom, Olafur Gudmundsson, Bob Harold, Paul Hoffman, Joel Jaeggli, Ted Lemon, Edward Lewis, John Levine, George Michaelson, Ed Pascoe, Jim Reid, Arturo Servin, Paul Vixie and Suzanne Woolf for feedback.¶
Christian Grothoff was also very helpful and deserves special recognition.¶
In addition, Andrew Sullivan was an author from adoption (2015) through version 14 (2021).¶
[RFC Editor: Please remove this section before publication ]¶
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