This is a purely informative rendering of an RFC that includes verified errata. This rendering may not be used as a reference.
The following 'Verified' errata have been incorporated in this document:
EID 6943
Network Working Group R. Housley
Request for Comments: 5649 Vigil Security
Category: Informational M. Dworkin
NIST
August 2009
Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) Key Wrap with Padding Algorithm
Abstract
This document specifies a padding convention for use with the AES Key
Wrap algorithm specified in RFC 3394. This convention eliminates the
requirement that the length of the key to be wrapped be a multiple of
64 bits, allowing a key of any practical length to be wrapped.
Status of This Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. It does
not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of this
memo is unlimited.
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described in the BSD License.
1. Introduction
Management of cryptographic keys often leads to situations where one
symmetric key is used to encrypt and integrity-protect another key,
which can be either a symmetric key or an asymmetric key. The
operation is often called key wrapping.
This document specifies an extension of the Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES) Key Wrap algorithm [AES-KW1, AES-KW2]. Without this
extension, the input to the AES Key Wrap algorithm, called the key
data, must be a sequence of two or more 64-bit blocks.
The AES Key Wrap with Padding algorithm can be used to wrap a key of
any practical size with an AES key. The AES key-encryption key (KEK)
must be 128, 192, or 256 bits. The input key data may be as short as
one octet, which will result in an output of two 64-bit blocks (or 16
octets). Although the AES Key Wrap algorithm does not place a
maximum bound on the size of the key data that can be wrapped, this
extension does so. The use of a 32-bit fixed field to carry the
octet length of the key data bounds the size of the input at 2^32
octets. Most systems will have other factors that limit the
practical size of key data to much less than 2^32 octets.
A message length indicator (MLI) is defined as part of an
"Alternative Initial Value" in keeping with the statement in Section
2.2.3.2 of [AES-KW1], which says:
Also, if the key data is not just an AES key, it may not always be
a multiple of 64 bits. Alternative definitions of the initial
value can be used to address such problems.
2. Notation and Definitions
The following notation is used in the algorithm descriptions:
MSB(j, W) Return the most significant j bits of W
LSB(j, W) Return the least significant j bits of W
ENC(K, B) AES Encrypt the 128-bit block B using key K
DEC(K, B) AES Decrypt the 128-bit block B using key K
V1 | V2 Concatenate V1 and V2
K The key-encryption key
m The number of octets in the key data
n The number of 64-bit blocks in the padded key data
Q[i] The ith plaintext octet in the key data
P[i] The ith 64-bit plaintext block in the padded key data
C[i] The ith 64-bit ciphertext data block
A The 64-bit integrity check register
3. Alternative Initial Value
The Alternative Initial Value (AIV) required by this specification is
a 32-bit constant concatenated to a 32-bit MLI. The constant is (in
hexadecimal) A65959A6 and occupies the high-order half of the AIV.
Note that this differs from the high order 32 bits of the default IV
in Section 2.2.3.1 of [AES-KW1], so there is no ambiguity between the
two. The 32-bit MLI, which occupies the low-order half of the AIV,
is an unsigned binary integer equal to the octet length of the
plaintext key data, in network order -- that is, with the most
significant octet first. When the MLI is not a multiple of 8, the
key data is padded on the right with the least number of octets
sufficient to make the resulting octet length a multiple of 8. The
value of each padding octet shall be 0 (eight binary zeros).
Notice that for a given number of 64-bit plaintext blocks, there are
only eight values of MLI that can have that outcome. For example,
the only MLI values that are valid with four 64-bit plaintext blocks
are 32 (with no padding octets), 31 (with one padding octet), 30, 29,
28, 27, 26, and 25 (with seven padding octets). When the unwrapping
process specified below yields n 64-bit blocks of output data and an
AIV, the eight valid values for the MLI are 8*n, (8*n)-1, ..., and
(8*n)-7. Therefore, integrity checking of the AIV, which is
contained in a 64-bit register called A, requires the following
steps:
1) Check that MSB(32,A) = A65959A6.
2) Check that 8*(n-1) < LSB(32,A) <= 8*n. If so, let
MLI = LSB(32,A).
3) Let b = (8*n)-MLI, and then check that the rightmost b octets of
the output data are zero.
If all three checks pass, then the AIV is valid. If any of the
checks fail, then the AIV is invalid and the unwrapping operation
must return an error.
4. Specification of the AES Key Wrap with Padding Algorithm
The AES Key Wrap with Padding algorithm consists of a wrapping
process and an unwrapping process, both based on the AES codebook
[AES]. It provides an extension to the AES Key Wrap algorithm
[AES-KW1, AES-KW2] that eliminates the requirement that the length of
the key to be wrapped be a multiple of 64 bits. The next two
sections specify the wrapping and unwrapping processes, called the
extended key wrapping process and the extended key unwrapping
process, respectively. These names distinguish these processes from
the ones specified in [AES-KW1] and [AES-KW2].
4.1. Extended Key Wrapping Process
The inputs to the extended key wrapping process are the KEK and the
plaintext to be wrapped. The plaintext consists of between one and
2^32 octets, containing the key data being wrapped. The key wrapping
process is described below.
Inputs: Plaintext, m octets {Q[1], Q[2], ..., Q[m]}, and
Key, K (the KEK).
Outputs: Ciphertext, (n+1) 64-bit values {C[0], C[1], ..., C[n]}.
1) Append padding
If m is not a multiple of 8, pad the plaintext octet string on the
right with octets {Q[m+1], ..., Q[r]} of zeros, where r is the
smallest multiple of 8 that is greater than m. If m is a multiple
of 8, then there is no padding, and r = m.
Set n = r/8, which is the same as CEILING(m/8).
For i = 1, ..., n
j = 8*(i-1)
P[i] = Q[j+1] | Q[j+2] | ... | Q[j+8].
2) Wrapping
If the padded plaintext contains exactly eight octets, then
prepend the AIV as defined in Section 3 above to P[1] and encrypt
the resulting 128-bit block using AES in ECB mode [Modes] with key
K (the KEK). In this case, the output is two 64-bit blocks C[0]
and C[1]:
C[0] | C[1] = ENC(K, A | P[1]).
Otherwise, apply the wrapping process specified in Section 2.2.1
of [AES-KW2] to the padded plaintext {P[1], ..., P[n]} with K (the
KEK) and the AIV as defined in Section 3 above as the initial
value. The result is n+1 64-bit blocks {C[0], C[1], ..., C[n]}.
4.2. Extended Key Unwrapping Process
The inputs to the extended key unwrapping process are the KEK and
(n+1) 64-bit ciphertext blocks consisting of a previously wrapped
key. If the ciphertext is a validly wrapped key, then the unwrapping
process returns n 64-bit blocks of padded plaintext, which are then
mapped in this extension to m octets of decrypted key data, as
indicated by the MLI embedded in the AIV.
Inputs: Ciphertext, (n+1) 64-bit blocks {C[0], C[1], ..., C[n]}, and
Key, K (the KEK).
Outputs: Plaintext, m octets {Q[1], Q[2], ..., Q[m]}, or an error.
1) Key unwrapping
When n is one (n=1), the ciphertext contains exactly two 64-bit
blocks (C[0] and C[1]), and they are decrypted as a single AES
block using AES in ECB mode [Modes] with K (the KEK) to recover
the AIV and the padded plaintext key:
A | P[1] = DEC(K, C[0] | C[1]).
Otherwise, apply Steps 1 and 2 of the unwrapping process specified
in Section 2.2.2 of [AES-KW2] to the n+1 64-bit ciphertext blocks,
{C[0], C[1], ..., C[n]}, and to the KEK, K. Define the padded
plaintext blocks, {P[1], ..., P[n]}, as specified in Step 3 of
that process, with A[0] as the A value. Note that checking "If
A[0] is an appropriate value" is slightly delayed to Step 2 below
since the padded plaintext is needed to perform this verification
when the AIV is used.
2) AIV verification
Perform the three checks described in Section 3 above on the
padded plaintext and the A value. If any of the checks fail, then
return an error.
3) Remove padding
Let m = the MLI value extracted from A.
Let P = P[1] | P[2] | ... | P[n].
For i = 1, ... , m
Q[i] = LSB(8, MSB(8*i, P))
5. Algorithm Identifiers
Some security protocols employ ASN.1 [X.680] and employ algorithm
identifiers to name cryptographic algorithms. To support these
protocols, the AES Key Wrap with Padding algorithm has been assigned
the following algorithm identifiers, one for each AES KEK size. The
AES Key Wrap (without padding) algorithm identifiers are also
included here for convenience.
aes OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16)
us(840) organization(1) gov(101) csor(3)
nistAlgorithm(4) 1 }
id-aes128-wrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 5 }
id-aes128-wrap-pad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 8 }
id-aes192-wrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 25 }
id-aes192-wrap-pad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 28 }
id-aes256-wrap OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 45 }
id-aes256-wrap-pad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 48 }
In all cases, the AlgorithmIdentifier parameter field MUST be absent.
6. Padded Key Wrap Examples
The examples in this section were generated using the index-based
implementation of the AES Key Wrap algorithm along with the padding
approach specified in Section 4 of this document. All values are
shown in hexadecimal.
The first example wraps 20 octets of key data with a 192-bit KEK.
KEK : 5840df6e29b02af1 ab493b705bf16ea1 ae8338f4dcc176a8
Key : c37b7e6492584340 bed1220780894115 5068f738
Wrap : 138bdeaa9b8fa7fc 61f97742e72248ee 5ae6ae5360d1ae6a
: 5f54f373fa543b6a
The second example wraps 7 octets of key data with a 192-bit KEK.
KEK : 5840df6e29b02af1 ab493b705bf16ea1 ae8338f4dcc176a8
Key : 466f7250617369
Wrap : afbeb0f07dfbf541 9200f2ccb50bb24f
7. Security Considerations
Implementations must protect the key-encryption key (KEK).
Compromise of the KEK may result in the disclosure of all keys that
have been wrapped with the KEK, which may lead to the compromise of
all traffic protected with those wrapped keys.
The KEK must be at least as good as the keying material it is
protecting.
If the KEK and wrapped key are associated with different
cryptographic algorithms, the effective security provided to data
protected with the wrapped key is determined by the weaker of the two
algorithms. If, for example, data is encrypted with 128-bit AES and
that AES key is wrapped with a 256-bit AES key, then at most 128 bits
of protection is provided to the data. If, for another example, a
128-bit AES key is used to wrap a 4096-bit RSA private key, then at
most 128 bits of protection is provided to any data that depends on
that private key. Thus, implementers must ensure that key-encryption
algorithms are at least as strong as other cryptographic algorithms
employed in an overall system.
The AES Key Wrap and the AES Key Wrap with Padding algorithms use
different constants in the initial value. The use of different
values ensures that the recipient of padded key data cannot
successfully unwrap it as unpadded key data, or vice versa. This
remains true when the key data is wrapped using the AES Key Wrap with
Padding algorithm but no padding is needed.
The AES Key Wrap with Padding algorithm provides almost the same
amount of integrity protection as the AES Key Wrap algorithm.
A previous padding technique was specified for wrapping Hashed
Message Authentication Code (HMAC) keys with AES [OLD-KW]. The
technique in this document is more general; the technique in this
document is not limited to wrapping HMAC keys.
In the design of some high assurance cryptographic modules, it is
desirable to segregate cryptographic keying material from other data.
The use of a specific cryptographic mechanism solely for the
protection of cryptographic keying material can assist in this goal.
The AES Key Wrap and the AES Key Wrap with Padding are such
mechanisms. System designers should not use these algorithms to
encrypt anything other than cryptographic keying material.
8. References
8.1. Normative References
[AES] National Institute of Standards and Technology, FIPS Pub
197: Advanced Encryption Standard (AES), 26 November 2001.
[AES-KW1] National Institute of Standards and Technology, AES Key
Wrap Specification, 17 November 2001.
http://csrc.nist.gov/groups/ST/toolkit/documents/kms/
AES_key_wrap.pdf
[AES-KW2] Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Advanced Encryption Standard
(AES) Key Wrap Algorithm", RFC 3394, September 2002.
[Modes] Dworkin, M., "Recommendation for Block Cipher Modes of
Operation -- Methods and Techniques", NIST Special
Publication 800-38A, 2001.
[X.680] ITU-T Recommendation X.680 (2002) | ISO/IEC 8824-1:2002,
Information technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One
(ASN.1): Specification of basic notation.
8.2. Informative References
[AES-CMS] Schaad, J., "Use of the Advanced Encryption Standard (AES)
Encryption Algorithm in Cryptographic Message Syntax
(CMS)", RFC 3565, July 2003.
[CMS-ASN] Schaad, J. and P. Hoffman, "New ASN.1 Modules for CMS and
S/MIME", Work in Progress, August 2009.
[OLD-KW] Schaad, J. and R. Housley, "Wrapping a Hashed Message
Authentication Code (HMAC) key with a Triple-Data
Encryption Standard (DES) Key or an Advanced Encryption
Standard (AES) Key", RFC 3537, May 2003.
[X.681] ITU-T Recommendation X.681 (2002) | ISO/IEC 8824-2:2002,
Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One:
Information Object Specification.
[X.682] ITU-T Recommendation X.682 (2002) | ISO/IEC 8824-3:2002,
Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One:
Constraint Specification.
[X.683] ITU-T Recommendation X.683 (2002) | ISO/IEC 8824-4:2002,
Information Technology - Abstract Syntax Notation One:
Parameterization of ASN.1 Specifications.
9. Acknowledgments
Paul Timmel should be credited with the MLI and padding technique
described in this document.
Appendix A. ASN.1 Modules
This appendix includes two ASN.1 modules. The first one makes use of
the 1988 syntax, and the second one makes use of the 2002 ASN.1
syntax.
Appendix A.1 provides the normative ASN.1 definitions for the
algorithm identifiers included in this specification using ASN.1 as
defined in [X.680] using the 1988 ASN.1 syntax.
Appendix A.2 provides informative ASN.1 definitions for the algorithm
identifiers included in this specification using ASN.1 as defined in
[X.680], [X.681], [X.682], and [X.683] using the 2002 ASN.1 syntax.
This appendix contains the same information as Appendix A.1; however,
Appendix A.1 takes precedence in case of conflict. The content
encryption and key wrap algorithm objects are defined in [CMS-ASN].
The id-aes128-wrap, id-aes192-wrap, and id-aes256-wrap algorithm
identifiers are defined in [AES-CMS].
A.1. 1988 ASN.1 Module
AESKeyWrapWithPad-88 { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549)
pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) 47 }
DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::=
BEGIN
-- EXPORTS ALL --
-- IMPORTS NONE --
-- AES information object identifiers --
aes OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1) gov(101)
csor(3) nistAlgorithms(4) 1 }
-- AES Key Wrap With Padding Algorithm Identifiers are to be used
-- with the Parameter field absent
id-aes128-wrap-pad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 8 }
id-aes192-wrap-pad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 28 }
id-aes256-wrap-pad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 48 }
END
A.2. 2002 ASN.1 Module
AESKeyWrapWithPad-02 { iso(1) member-body(2) us(840) rsadsi(113549)
pkcs(1) pkcs-9(9) smime(16) modules(0) 48 }
DEFINITIONS IMPLICIT TAGS ::=
BEGIN
-- EXPORTS ALL --
IMPORTS
AlgorithmIdentifier{}, CONTENT-ENCRYPTION, KEY-WRAP, SMIME-CAPS
FROM AlgorithmInformation-2009 -- [CMS-ASN]
{ iso(1) identified-organization(3) dod(6) internet(1)
security(5) mechanisms(5) pkix(7) id-mod(0)
id-mod-algorithmInformation-02(58) };
AES-ContentEncryption CONTENT-ENCRYPTION ::= {
cea-aes128-wrap-pad |
cea-aes192-wrap-pad |
cea-aes256-wrap-pad,
... }
AES-KeyWrap KEY-WRAP ::= {
kwa-aes128-wrap-pad |
kwa-aes192-wrap-pad |
kwa-aes256-wrap-pad,
... }
SMimeCaps SMIME-CAPS ::= {
cea-aes128-wrap-pad.&smimeCaps |
cea-aes192-wrap-pad.&smimeCaps |
cea-aes256-wrap-pad.&smimeCaps |
kwa-aes128-wrap-pad.&smimeCaps |
kwa-aes192-wrap-pad.&smimeCaps |
kwa-aes256-wrap-pad.&smimeCaps,
... }
-- AES object identifier
aes OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= {
joint-iso-itu-t(2) country(16) us(840) organization(1)
gov(101) csor(3) nistAlgorithms(4) 1 }
-- Content Encryption Algorithms
cea-aes128-wrap-pad CONTENT-ENCRYPTION ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-aes128-wrap-pad
PARAMS ARE absent
SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-aes128-wrap-pad } }
cea-aes192-wrap-pad CONTENT-ENCRYPTION ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-aes192-wrap-pad
PARAMS ARE absent
SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-aes192-wrap-pad } }
cea-aes256-wrap-pad CONTENT-ENCRYPTION ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-aes256-wrap-pad
PARAMS ARE absent
SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-aes256-wrap-pad } }
-- Key Wrap Algorithms
kwa-aes128-wrap-pad KEY-WRAP ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-aes128-wrap-pad
PARAMS ARE absent
SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-aes128-wrap-pad } }
id-aes128-wrap-pad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 8 }
kwa-aes192-wrap-pad KEY-WRAP ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-aes192-wrap-pad
PARAMS ARE absent
SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-aes192-wrap-pad } }
id-aes192-wrap-pad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 28 }
kwa-aes256-wrap-pad KEY-WRAP ::= {
IDENTIFIER id-aes256-wrap-pad
PARAMS ARE absent
SMIME-CAPS { IDENTIFIED BY id-aes256-wrap-pad } }
id-aes256-wrap-pad OBJECT IDENTIFIER ::= { aes 48 }
END
Authors' Addresses
Russell Housley
Vigil Security, LLC
918 Spring Knoll Drive
Herndon, VA 20170
USA
EMail: housley@vigilsec.com
Morris Dworkin
National Institute of Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive, Mail Stop 8930
Gaithersburg, MD 20899-8930
USA
EMail: dworkin@nist.gov
EID 6943 (Verified) is as follows:
Section: GLOBAL
Original Text:
plaintext length may be in range [1, 2^32]
Corrected Text:
plaintext length may be in range [1, 2^32), or [1, 2^32-1]
Notes:
The text is ambiguous about how to handle a plaintext of size 2^32 bytes. The text seems to suggest a plaintext of size 2^32 is permitted, but the description of generation/verification of the AIV does not handle this case.
As written different implementations could disagree on what constitutes a valid ciphertext.
I would suggest the simplest solution is to explicitly say the maximum plaintext length is 2^32-1 (which is still much larger than any intended use case, as this should be for encrypting keying material).