This is a purely informative rendering of an RFC that includes verified errata. This rendering may not be used as a reference.
The following 'Verified' errata have been incorporated in this document:
EID 5301
Internet Research Task Force (IRTF) E. Haleplidis, Ed.
Request for Comments: 7426 University of Patras
Category: Informational K. Pentikousis, Ed.
ISSN: 2070-1721 EICT
S. Denazis
University of Patras
J. Hadi Salim
Mojatatu Networks
D. Meyer
Brocade
O. Koufopavlou
University of Patras
January 2015
Software-Defined Networking (SDN): Layers and Architecture Terminology
Abstract
Software-Defined Networking (SDN) refers to a new approach for
network programmability, that is, the capacity to initialize,
control, change, and manage network behavior dynamically via open
interfaces. SDN emphasizes the role of software in running networks
through the introduction of an abstraction for the data forwarding
plane and, by doing so, separates it from the control plane. This
separation allows faster innovation cycles at both planes as
experience has already shown. However, there is increasing confusion
as to what exactly SDN is, what the layer structure is in an SDN
architecture, and how layers interface with each other. This
document, a product of the IRTF Software-Defined Networking Research
Group (SDNRG), addresses these questions and provides a concise
reference for the SDN research community based on relevant peer-
reviewed literature, the RFC series, and relevant documents by other
standards organizations.
Status of This Memo
This document is not an Internet Standards Track specification; it is
published for informational purposes.
This document is a product of the Internet Research Task Force
(IRTF). The IRTF publishes the results of Internet-related research
and development activities. These results might not be suitable for
deployment. This RFC represents the consensus of the Software-
Defined Networking Research Group of the Internet Research Task Force
(IRTF). Documents approved for publication by the IRSG are not a
candidate for any level of Internet Standard; see Section 2 of RFC
5741.
Information about the current status of this document, any errata,
and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at
http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7426.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (c) 2015 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the
document authors. All rights reserved.
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal
Provisions Relating to IETF Documents
(http://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of
publication of this document. Please review these documents
carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect
to this document.
Table of Contents
1. Introduction ....................................................4
2. Terminology .....................................................5
3. SDN Layers and Architecture .....................................7
3.1. Overview ...................................................9
3.2. Network Devices ...........................................12
3.3. Control Plane .............................................13
3.4. Management Plane ..........................................14
3.5. Discussion of Control and Management Planes ...............16
3.5.1. Timescale ..........................................16
3.5.2. Persistence ........................................16
3.5.3. Locality ...........................................16
3.5.4. CAP Theorem Insights ...............................17
3.6. Network Services Abstraction Layer ........................18
3.7. Application Plane .........................................19
4. SDN Model View .................................................19
4.1. ForCES ....................................................19
4.2. NETCONF/YANG ..............................................20
4.3. OpenFlow ..................................................21
4.4. Interface to the Routing System ...........................21
4.5. SNMP ......................................................22
4.6. PCEP ......................................................23
4.7. BFD .......................................................23
5. Summary ........................................................24
6. Security Considerations ........................................24
7. Informative References .........................................25
Acknowledgements ..................................................33
Contributors ......................................................34
Authors' Addresses ................................................34
1. Introduction
"Software-Defined Networking (SDN)" is a term of the programmable
networks paradigm [PNSurvey99] [OF08]. In short, SDN refers to the
ability of software applications to program individual network
devices dynamically and therefore control the behavior of the network
as a whole [NV09]. Boucadair and Jacquenet [RFC7149] point out that
SDN is a set of techniques used to facilitate the design, delivery,
and operation of network services in a deterministic, dynamic, and
scalable manner.
A key element in SDN is the introduction of an abstraction between
the (traditional) forwarding and control planes in order to separate
them and provide applications with the means necessary to
programmatically control the network. The goal is to leverage this
separation, and the associated programmability, in order to reduce
complexity and enable faster innovation at both planes [A4D05].
The historical evolution of the research and development area of
programmable networks is reviewed in detail in [SDNHistory]
[SDNSurvey], starting with efforts dating back to the 1980s. As
documented in [SDNHistory], many of the ideas, concepts, and concerns
are applicable to the latest research and development in SDN (and SDN
standardization) and have been under extensive investigation and
discussion in the research community for quite some time. For
example, Rooney, et al. [Tempest] discuss how to allow third-party
access to the network without jeopardizing network integrity or how
to accommodate legacy networking solutions in their (then new)
programmable environment. Further, the concept of separating the
control and forwarding planes, which is prominent in SDN, has been
extensively discussed even prior to 1998 [Tempest] [P1520] in SS7
networks [ITUSS7], Ipsilon Flow Switching [RFC1953] [RFC2297], and
ATM [ITUATM].
SDN research often focuses on varying aspects of programmability, and
we are frequently confronted with conflicting points of view
regarding what exactly SDN is. For instance, we find that for
various reasons (e.g., work focusing on one domain and therefore not
necessarily applicable as-is to other domains), certain well-accepted
definitions do not correlate well with each other. For example, both
OpenFlow [OpenFlow] and the Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)
[RFC6241] have been characterized as SDN interfaces, but they refer
to control and management, respectively.
This motivates us to consolidate the definitions of SDN in the
literature and correlate them with earlier work at the IETF and the
research community. Of particular interest is, for example, to
determine which layers comprise the SDN architecture and which
interfaces and their corresponding attributes are best suited to be
used between them. As such, the aim of this document is not to
standardize any particular layer or interface but rather to provide a
concise reference that reflects current approaches regarding the SDN
layer architecture. We expect that this document would be useful to
upcoming work in SDNRG as well as future discussions within the SDN
community as a whole.
This document addresses the work item in the SDNRG charter titled
"Survey of SDN approaches and Taxonomies", fostering better
understanding of prominent SDN technologies in a technology-impartial
and business-agnostic manner but does not constitute a new IETF
standard. It is meant as a common base for further discussion. As
such, we do not make any value statements nor discuss the
applicability of any of the frameworks examined in this document for
any particular purpose. Instead, we document their characteristics
and attributes and classify them, thus providing a taxonomy. This
document does not intend to provide an exhaustive list of SDN
research issues; interested readers should consider reviewing
[SLTSDN] and [SDNACS]. In particular, Jarraya, et al. [SLTSDN]
provide an overview of SDN-related research topics, e.g., control
partitioning, which is related to the Consistency, Availability and
Partitioning (CAP) theorem discussed in Section 3.5.4.
This document has been extensively reviewed, discussed, and commented
by the vast majority of SDNRG members, a community that certainly
exceeds 100 individuals. It is the consensus of SDNRG that this
document should be published in the IRTF stream of the RFC series
[RFC5743].
The remainder of this document is organized as follows. Section 2
explains the terminology used in this document. Section 3 introduces
a high-level overview of current SDN architecture abstractions.
Finally, Section 4 discusses how the SDN layer architecture relates
to prominent SDN-enabling technologies.
2. Terminology
This document uses the following terms:
o Software-Defined Networking (SDN) - A programmable networks
approach that supports the separation of control and forwarding
planes via standardized interfaces.
o Resource - A physical or virtual component available within a
system. Resources can be very simple or fine-grained (e.g., a
port or a queue) or complex, comprised of multiple resources
(e.g., a network device).
o Network Device - A device that performs one or more network
operations related to packet manipulation and forwarding. This
reference model makes no distinction whether a network device is
physical or virtual. A device can also be considered as a
container for resources and can be a resource in itself.
o Interface - A point of interaction between two entities. When the
entities are placed at different locations, the interface is
usually implemented through a network protocol. If the entities
are collocated in the same physical location, the interface can be
implemented using a software application programming interface
(API), inter-process communication (IPC), or a network protocol.
o Application (App) - An application in the context of SDN is a
piece of software that utilizes underlying services to perform a
function. Application operation can be parameterized, for
example, by passing certain arguments at call time, but it is
meant to be a standalone piece of software; an App does not offer
any interfaces to other applications or services.
o Service - A piece of software that performs one or more functions
and provides one or more APIs to applications or other services of
the same or different layers to make use of said functions and
returns one or more results. Services can be combined with other
services, or called in a certain serialized manner, to create a
new service.
o Forwarding Plane (FP) - The collection of resources across all
network devices responsible for forwarding traffic.
o Operational Plane (OP) - The collection of resources responsible
for managing the overall operation of individual network devices.
o Control Plane (CP) - The collection of functions responsible for
controlling one or more network devices. CP instructs network
devices with respect to how to process and forward packets. The
control plane interacts primarily with the forwarding plane and,
to a lesser extent, with the operational plane.
o Management Plane (MP) - The collection of functions responsible
for monitoring, configuring, and maintaining one or more network
devices or parts of network devices. The management plane is
mostly related to the operational plane (it is related less to the
forwarding plane).
o Application Plane - The collection of applications and services
that program network behavior.
o Device and resource Abstraction Layer (DAL) - The device's
resource abstraction layer based on one or more models. If it is
a physical device, it may be referred to as the Hardware
Abstraction Layer (HAL). DAL provides a uniform point of
reference for the device's forwarding- and operational-plane
resources.
o Control Abstraction Layer (CAL) - The control plane's abstraction
layer. CAL provides access to the Control-Plane Southbound
Interface.
o Management Abstraction Layer (MAL) - The management plane's
abstraction layer. MAL provides access to the Management-Plane
Southbound Interface.
o Network Services Abstraction Layer (NSAL) - Provides service
abstractions that can be used by applications and services.
3. SDN Layers and Architecture
Figure 1 summarizes the SDN architecture abstractions in the form of
a detailed, high-level schematic. Note that in a particular
implementation, planes can be collocated with other planes or can be
physically separated, as we discuss below.
SDN is based on the concept of separation between a controlled entity
and a controller entity. The controller manipulates the controlled
entity via an interface. Interfaces, when local, are mostly API
invocations through some library or system call. However, such
interfaces may be extended via some protocol definition, which may
use local inter-process communication (IPC) or a protocol that could
also act remotely; the protocol may be defined as an open standard or
in a proprietary manner.
Day [PiNA] explores the use of IPC as the mainstay for the definition
of recursive network architectures with varying degrees of scope and
range of operation. The Recursive InterNetwork Architecture [RINA]
outlines a recursive network architecture based on IPC that
capitalizes on repeating patterns and structures. This document does
not propose a new architecture -- we simply document previous work
through a taxonomy. Although recursion is out of the scope of this
work, Figure 1 illustrates a hierarchical model in which layers can
be stacked on top of each other and employed recursively as needed.
o--------------------------------o
| |
| +-------------+ +----------+ |
| | Application | | Service | |
| +-------------+ +----------+ |
| Application Plane |
o---------------Y----------------o
|
*-----------------------------Y---------------------------------*
| Network Services Abstraction Layer (NSAL) |
*------Y------------------------------------------------Y-------*
| |
| Service Interface |
| |
o------Y------------------o o---------------------Y------o
| | Control Plane | | Management Plane | |
| +----Y----+ +-----+ | | +-----+ +----Y----+ |
| | Service | | App | | | | App | | Service | |
| +----Y----+ +--Y--+ | | +--Y--+ +----Y----+ |
| | | | | | | |
| *----Y-----------Y----* | | *---Y---------------Y----* |
| | Control Abstraction | | | | Management Abstraction | |
| | Layer (CAL) | | | | Layer (MAL) | |
| *----------Y----------* | | *----------Y-------------* |
| | | | | |
o------------|------------o o------------|---------------o
| |
| CP | MP
| Southbound | Southbound
| Interface | Interface
| |
*------------Y---------------------------------Y----------------*
| Device and resource Abstraction Layer (DAL) |
*------------Y---------------------------------Y----------------*
| | | |
| o-------Y----------o +-----+ o--------Y----------o |
| | Forwarding Plane | | App | | Operational Plane | |
| o------------------o +-----+ o-------------------o |
| Network Device |
+---------------------------------------------------------------+
Figure 1: SDN Layer Architecture
3.1. Overview
This document follows a network-device-centric approach: control
mostly refers to the device packet-handling capability, while
management typically refers to aspects of the overall device
operation. We view a network device as a complex resource that
contains and is part of multiple resources similar to [DIOPR].
Resources can be simple, single components of a network device, for
example, a port or a queue of the device, and can also be aggregated
into complex resources, for example, a network card or a complete
network device.
The reader should keep in mind that we make no distinction between
"physical" and "virtual" resources or "hardware" and "software"
realizations in this document, as we do not delve into implementation
or performance aspects. In other words, a resource can be
implemented fully in hardware, fully in software, or any hybrid
combination in between. Further, we do not distinguish whether a
resource is implemented as an overlay or as a part/component of some
other device. In general, network device software can run on so-
called "bare metal" or on a virtualized substrate. Finally, this
document does not discuss how resources are allocated, orchestrated,
and released. Indeed, orchestration is out of the scope of this
document.
SDN spans multiple planes as illustrated in Figure 1. Starting from
the bottom part of the figure and moving towards the upper part, we
identify the following planes:
o Forwarding Plane - Responsible for handling packets in the data
path based on the instructions received from the control plane.
Actions of the forwarding plane include, but are not limited to,
forwarding, dropping, and changing packets. The forwarding plane
is usually the termination point for control-plane services and
applications. The forwarding plane can contain forwarding
resources such as classifiers. The forwarding plane is also
widely referred to as the "data plane" or the "data path".
o Operational Plane - Responsible for managing the operational state
of the network device, e.g., whether the device is active or
inactive, the number of ports available, the status of each port,
and so on. The operational plane is usually the termination point
for management-plane services and applications. The operational
plane relates to network device resources such as ports, memory,
and so on. We note that some participants of the IRTF SDNRG have
a different opinion in regards to the definition of the
operational plane. That is, one can argue that the operational
plane does not constitute a "plane" per se, but it is, in
practice, an amalgamation of functions on the forwarding plane.
For others, however, a "plane" allows one to distinguish between
different areas of operations; therefore, the operational plane is
included as a "plane" in Figure 1. We have adopted this latter
view in this document.
o Control Plane - Responsible for making decisions on how packets
should be forwarded by one or more network devices and pushing
such decisions down to the network devices for execution. The
control plane usually focuses mostly on the forwarding plane and
less on the operational plane of the device. The control plane
may be interested in operational-plane information, which could
include, for instance, the current state of a particular port or
its capabilities. The control plane's main job is to fine-tune
the forwarding tables that reside in the forwarding plane, based
on the network topology or external service requests.
o Management Plane - Responsible for monitoring, configuring, and
maintaining network devices, e.g., making decisions regarding the
state of a network device. The management plane usually focuses
mostly on the operational plane of the device and less on the
forwarding plane. The management plane may be used to configure
the forwarding plane, but it does so infrequently and through a
more wholesale approach than the control plane. For instance, the
management plane may set up all or part of the forwarding rules at
once, although such action would be expected to be taken
sparingly.
o Application Plane - The plane where applications and services that
define network behavior reside. Applications that directly (or
primarily) support the operation of the forwarding plane (such as
routing processes within the control plane) are not considered
part of the application plane. Note that applications may be
implemented in a modular and distributed fashion and, therefore,
can often span multiple planes in Figure 1.
[RFC7276] has defined the data, control, and management planes in
terms of Operations, Administration, and Maintenance (OAM). This
document attempts to broaden the terms defined in [RFC7276] in order
to reflect all aspects of an SDN architecture.
All planes mentioned above are connected via interfaces (indicated
with "Y" in Figure 1). An interface may take multiple roles depending
on whether the connected planes reside on the same (physical or
virtual) device. If the respective planes are designed so that they
do not have to reside in the same device, then the interface can only
take the form of a protocol. If the planes are collocated on the
EID 5301 (Verified) is as follows:Section: 3.1
Original Text:
All planes mentioned above are connected via interfaces (indicated
with "Y" in Figure 1. An interface may take multiple roles depending
on whether the connected planes reside on the same (physical or
virtual) device. If the respective planes are designed so that they
do not have to reside in the same device, then the interface can only
take the form of a protocol. If the planes are collocated on the
Corrected Text:
All planes mentioned above are connected via interfaces (indicated
with "Y" in Figure 1). An interface may take multiple roles depending
on whether the connected planes reside on the same (physical or
virtual) device. If the respective planes are designed so that they
do not have to reside in the same device, then the interface can only
take the form of a protocol. If the planes are collocated on the
Notes:
The closing bracket is missing in the second line.
same device, then the interface could be implemented via an open/
proprietary protocol, an open/proprietary software inter-process
communication API, or operating system kernel system calls.
Applications, i.e., software programs that perform specific
computations that consume services without providing access to other
applications, can be implemented natively inside a plane or can span
multiple planes. For instance, applications or services can span
both the control and management planes and thus be able to use both
the Control-Plane Southbound Interface (CPSI) and Management-Plane
Southbound Interface (MPSI), although this is only implicitly
illustrated in Figure 1. An example of such a case would be an
application that uses both [OpenFlow] and [OF-CONFIG].
Services, i.e., software programs that provide APIs to other
applications or services, can also be natively implemented in
specific planes. Services that span multiple planes belong to the
application plane as well.
While not shown explicitly in Figure 1, services, applications, and
entire planes can be placed in a recursive manner, thus providing
overlay semantics to the model. For example, application-plane
services can be provided to other applications or services through
NSAL. Additional examples include virtual resources that are
realized on top of a physical resources and hierarchical control-
plane controllers [KANDOO].
Note that the focus in this document is, of course, on the north/
south communication between entities in different planes. But this,
clearly, does not exclude entity communication within any one plane.
It must be noted, however, that in Figure 1, we present an abstract
view of the various planes, which is devoid of implementation
details. Many implementations in the past have opted for placing the
management plane on top of the control plane. This can be
interpreted as having the control plane acting as a service to the
management plane. Further, in many networks, especially in Internet
routers and Ethernet switches, the control plane has been usually
implemented as tightly coupled with the network device. When taken
as a whole, the control plane has been distributed network-wide. On
the other hand, the management plane has been traditionally
centralized and has been responsible for managing the control plane
and the devices. However, with the adoption of SDN principles, this
distinction is no longer so clear-cut.
Additionally, this document considers four abstraction layers:
o The Device and resource Abstraction Layer (DAL) abstracts the
resources of the device's forwarding and operational planes to the
control and management planes. Variations of DAL may abstract
both planes or either of the two and may abstract any plane of the
device to either the control or management plane.
o The Control Abstraction Layer (CAL) abstracts the Control-Plane
Southbound Interface and the DAL from the applications and
services of the control plane.
o The Management Abstraction Layer (MAL) abstracts the Management-
Plane Southbound Interface and the DAL from the applications and
services of the management plane.
o The Network Services Abstraction Layer (NSAL) provides service
abstractions for use by applications and other services.
At the time of this writing, SDN-related activities have begun in
other SDOs. For example, at the ITU, work on architectural [ITUSG13]
and signaling requirements and protocols [ITUSG11] has commenced, but
the respective study groups have yet to publish their documents, with
the exception of [ITUY3300]. The views presented in [ITUY3300] as
well as in [ONFArch] are well aligned with this document.
3.2. Network Devices
A network device is an entity that receives packets on its ports and
performs one or more network functions on them. For example, the
network device could forward a received packet, drop it, alter the
packet header (or payload), forward the packet, and so on. A network
device is an aggregation of multiple resources such as ports, CPU,
memory, and queues. Resources are either simple or can be aggregated
to form complex resources that can be viewed as one resource. The
network device is in itself a complex resource. Examples of network
devices include switches and routers. Additional examples include
network elements that may operate at a layer above IP (such as
firewalls, load balancers, and video transcoders) or below IP (such
as Layer 2 switches and optical or microwave network elements).
Network devices can be implemented in hardware or software and can be
either physical or virtual. As has already been mentioned before,
this document makes no such distinction. Each network device has a
presence in a forwarding plane and an operational plane.
The forwarding plane, commonly referred to as the "data path", is
responsible for handling and forwarding packets. The forwarding
plane provides switching, routing, packet transformation, and
filtering functions. Resources of the forwarding plane include but
are not limited to filters, meters, markers, and classifiers.
The operational plane is responsible for the operational state of the
network device, for instance, with respect to status of network ports
and interfaces. Operational-plane resources include, but are not
limited to, memory, CPU, ports, interfaces, and queues.
The forwarding and the operational planes are exposed via the Device
and resource Abstraction Layer (DAL), which may be expressed by one
or more abstraction models. Examples of forwarding-plane abstraction
models are Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES)
[RFC5812], OpenFlow [OpenFlow], YANG model [RFC6020], and SNMP MIBs
[RFC3418]. Examples of the operational-plane abstraction model
include the ForCES model [RFC5812], the YANG model [RFC6020], and
SNMP MIBs [RFC3418].
Note that applications can also reside in a network device. Examples
of such applications include event monitoring and handling
(offloading) topology discovery or ARP [RFC0826] in the device itself
instead of forwarding such traffic to the control plane.
3.3. Control Plane
The control plane is usually distributed and is responsible mainly
for the configuration of the forwarding plane using a Control-Plane
Southbound Interface (CPSI) with DAL as a point of reference. CP is
responsible for instructing FP about how to handle network packets.
Communication between control-plane entities, colloquially referred
to as the "east-west" interface, is usually implemented through
gateway protocols such as BGP [RFC4271] or other protocols such as
the Path Computation Element (PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP)
[RFC5440]. These corresponding protocol messages are usually
exchanged in-band and subsequently redirected by the forwarding plane
to the control plane for further processing. Examples in this
category include [RCP], [SoftRouter], and [RouteFlow].
Control-plane functionalities usually include:
o Topology discovery and maintenance
o Packet route selection and instantiation
o Path failover mechanisms
The CPSI is usually defined with the following characteristics:
o time-critical interface that requires low latency and sometimes
high bandwidth in order to perform many operations in short order
o oriented towards wire efficiency and device representation instead
of human readability
Examples include fast- and high-frequency of flow or table updates,
high throughput, and robustness for packet handling and events.
CPSI can be implemented using a protocol, an API, or even inter-
process communication. If the control plane and the network device
are not collocated, then this interface is certainly a protocol.
Examples of CPSIs are ForCES [RFC5810] and the OpenFlow protocol
[OpenFlow].
The Control Abstraction Layer (CAL) provides access to control
applications and services to various CPSIs. The control plane may
support more than one CPSI.
Control applications can use CAL to control a network device without
providing any service to upper layers. Examples include applications
that perform control functions, such as OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP.
Control-plane service examples include a virtual private LAN service,
service tunnels, topology services, etc.
3.4. Management Plane
The management plane is usually centralized and aims to ensure that
the network as a whole is running optimally by communicating with the
network devices' operational plane using a Management-Plane
Southbound Interface (MPSI) with DAL as a point of reference.
Management-plane functionalities are typically initiated, based on an
overall network view, and traditionally have been human-centric.
However, lately, algorithms are replacing most human intervention.
Management-plane functionalities [FCAPS] typically include:
o Fault and monitoring management
o Configuration management
In addition, management-plane functionalities may also include
entities such as orchestrators, Virtual Network Function Managers
(VNF Managers) and Virtualised Infrastructure Managers, as described
in [NFVArch]. Such entities can use management interfaces to
operational-plane resources to request and provision resources for
virtual functions as well as instruct the instantiation of virtual
forwarding functions on top of physical forwarding functions. The
possibility of a common abstraction model for both SDN and Network
Function Virtualization (NFV) is explored in [SDNNFV]. Note,
however, that these are only examples of applications and services in
the management plane and not formal definitions of entities in this
document. As has been noted above, orchestration and therefore the
definition of any associated entities is out of the scope of this
document.
The MPSI, in contrast to the CPSI, is usually not a time-critical
interface and does not share the CPSI requirements.
MPSI is typically closer to human interaction than CPSI (cf.
[RFC3535]); therefore, MPSI usually has the following
characteristics:
o It is oriented more towards usability, with optimal wire
performance being a secondary concern.
o Messages tend to be less frequent than in the CPSI.
As an example of usability versus performance, we refer to the
consensus of the 2002 IAB Workshop [RFC3535]: the key requirement for
a network management technology is ease of use, not performance. As
per [RFC6632], textual configuration files should be able to contain
international characters. Human-readable strings should utilize
UTF-8, and protocol elements should be in case-insensitive ASCII,
which requires more processing capabilities to parse.
MPSI can range from a protocol, to an API or even inter-process
communication. If the management plane is not embedded in the
network device, the MPSI is certainly a protocol. Examples of MPSIs
are ForCES [RFC5810], NETCONF [RFC6241], IP Flow Information Export
(IPFIX) [RFC7011], Syslog [RFC5424], Open vSwitch Database (OVSDB)
[RFC7047], and SNMP [RFC3411].
The Management Abstraction Layer (MAL) provides access to management
applications and services to various MPSIs. The management plane may
support more than one MPSI.
Management applications can use MAL to manage the network device
without providing any service to upper layers. Examples of
management applications include network monitoring, fault detection,
and recovery applications.
Management-plane services provide access to other services or
applications above the management plane.
3.5. Discussion of Control and Management Planes
The definition of a clear distinction between "control" and
"management" in the context of SDN received significant community
attention during the preparation of this document. We observed that
the role of the management plane has been earlier largely ignored or
specified as out-of-scope for the SDN ecosystem. In the remainder of
this subsection, we summarize the characteristics that differentiate
the two planes in order to have a clear understanding of the
mechanics, capabilities, and needs of each respective interface.
3.5.1. Timescale
A point has been raised regarding the reference timescales for the
control and management planes regarding how fast the respective plane
is required to react to, or how fast it needs to manipulate, the
forwarding or operational plane of the device. In general, the
control plane needs to send updates "often", which translates roughly
to a range of milliseconds; that requires high-bandwidth and low-
latency links. In contrast, the management plane reacts generally at
longer time frames, i.e., minutes, hours, or even days; thus, wire
efficiency is not always a critical concern. A good example of this
is the case of changing the configuration state of the device.
3.5.2. Persistence
Another distinction between the control and management planes relates
to state persistence. A state is considered ephemeral if it has a
very limited lifespan and is not deemed necessary to be stored on
non-volatile memory. A good example is determining routing, which is
usually associated with the control plane. On the other hand, a
persistent state has an extended lifespan that may range from hours
to days and months, is meant to be used beyond the lifetime of the
process that created it, and is thus used across device reboots.
Persistent state is usually associated with the management plane.
3.5.3. Locality
As mentioned earlier, traditionally, the control plane has been
executed locally on the network device and is distributed in nature
whilst the management plane is usually executed in a centralized
manner, remotely from the device. However, with the advent of SDN
centralizing, or "logically centralizing", the controller tends to
muddle the distinction of the control and management plane based on
locality.
3.5.4. CAP Theorem Insights
The CAP theorem views a distributed computing system as composed of
multiple computational resources (i.e., CPU, memory, storage) that
are connected via a communications network and together perform a
task. The theorem, or conjecture by some, identifies three
characteristics of distributed systems that are universally
desirable:
o Consistency, meaning that the system responds identically to a
query no matter which node receives the request (or does not
respond at all).
o Availability, i.e., that the system always responds to a request
(although the response may not be consistent or correct).
o Partition tolerance, namely that the system continues to function
even when specific nodes or the communications network fail.
In 2000, Eric Brewer [CAPBR] conjectured that a distributed system
can satisfy any two of these guarantees at the same time but not all
three. This conjecture was later proven by Gilbert and Lynch [CAPGL]
and is now usually referred to as the CAP theorem [CAPFN].
Forwarding a packet through a network correctly is a computational
problem. One of the major abstractions that SDN posits is that all
network elements are computational resources that perform the simple
computational task of inspecting fields in an incoming packet and
deciding how to forward it. Since the task of forwarding a packet
from network ingress to network egress is obviously carried out by a
large number of forwarding elements, the network of forwarding
devices is a distributed computational system. Hence, the CAP
theorem applies to forwarding of packets.
In the context of the CAP theorem, if one considers partition
tolerance of paramount importance, traditional control-plane
operations are usually local and fast (available), while management-
plane operations are usually centralized (consistent) and may be
slow.
The CAP theorem also provides insights into SDN architectures. For
example, a centralized SDN controller acts as a consistent global
database and specific SDN mechanisms ensure that a packet entering
the network is handled consistently by all SDN switches. The issue
of tolerance to loss of connectivity to the controller is not
addressed by the basic SDN model. When an SDN switch cannot reach
its controller, the flow will be unavailable until the connection is
restored. The use of multiple non-collocated SDN controllers has
been proposed (e.g., by configuring the SDN switch with a list of
controllers); this may improve partition tolerance but at the cost of
loss of absolute consistency. Panda, et al. [CAPFN] provide a first
exploration of how the CAP theorem applies to SDN.
3.6. Network Services Abstraction Layer
The Network Services Abstraction Layer (NSAL) provides access from
services of the control, management, and application planes to other
services and applications. We note that the term "SAL" is
overloaded, as it is often used in several contexts ranging from
system design to service-oriented architectures; therefore, we
explicitly add "Network" to the title of this layer to emphasize that
this term relates to Figure 1, and we map it accordingly in Section 4
to prominent SDN approaches.
Service interfaces can take many forms pertaining to their specific
requirements. Examples of service interfaces include, but are not
limited to, RESTful APIs, open protocols such as NETCONF, inter-
process communication, CORBA [CORBA] interfaces, and so on. The two
leading approaches for service interfaces are RESTful interfaces and
Remote Procedure Call (RPC) interfaces. Both follow a client-server
architecture and use XML or JSON to pass messages, but each has some
slightly different characteristics.
RESTful interfaces, designed according to the representational state
transfer design paradigm [REST], have the following characteristics:
o Resource identification - Individual resources are identified
using a resource identifier, for example, a URI.
o Manipulation of resources through representations - Resources are
represented in a format like JSON, XML, or HTML.
o Self-descriptive messages - Each message has enough information to
describe how the message is to be processed.
o Hypermedia as the engine of application state - A client needs no
prior knowledge of how to interact with a server, as the API is
not fixed but dynamically provided by the server.
Remote procedure calls (RPCs) [RFC5531], e.g., XML-RPC and the like,
have the following characteristics:
o Individual procedures are identified using an identifier.
o A client needs to know the procedure name and the associated
parameters.
3.7. Application Plane
Applications and services that use services from the control and/or
management plane form the application plane.
Additionally, services residing in the application plane may provide
services to other services and applications that reside in the
application plane via the service interface.
Examples of applications include network topology discovery, network
provisioning, path reservation, etc.
4. SDN Model View
We advocate that the SDN southbound interface should encompass both
CPSI and MPSI.
SDN controllers such as [NOX] and [Beacon] are a collection of
control-plane applications and services that implement a CPSI ([NOX]
and [Beacon] both use OpenFlow) and provide a northbound interface
for applications. The SDN northbound interface for controllers is
implemented in the Network Services Abstraction Layer (NSAL) of
Figure 1.
The above model can be used to describe all prominent SDN-enabling
technologies in a concise manner, as we explain in the following
subsections.
4.1. ForCES
The IETF Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES) framework
[RFC3746] consists of one model and two protocols. ForCES separates
the forwarding plane from the control plane via an open interface,
namely the ForCES protocol [RFC5810], which operates on entities of
the forwarding plane that have been modeled using the ForCES model
[RFC5812].
The ForCES model [RFC5812] is based on the fact that a network
element is composed of numerous logically separate entities that
cooperate to provide a given functionality (such as routing or IP
switching) and yet appear as a normal integrated network element to
external entities.
ForCES models the forwarding plane using Logical Functional Blocks
(LFBs), which, when connected in a graph, compose the Forwarding
Element (FE). LFBs are described in XML, based on an XML schema.
LFB definitions include base and custom-defined datatypes; metadata
definitions; input and output ports; operational parameters or
components; and capabilities and event definitions.
The ForCES model can be used to define LFBs from fine- to coarse-
grained as needed, irrespective of whether they are physical or
virtual.
The ForCES protocol is agnostic to the model and can be used to
monitor, configure, and control any ForCES-modeled element. The
protocol has very simple commands: Set, Get, and Del(ete). The
ForCES protocol has been designed for high throughput and fast
updates.
With respect to Figure 1, the ForCES model [RFC5812] is suitable for
the DAL, both for the operational and the forwarding plane, using
LFBs. The ForCES protocol [RFC5810] has been designed and is
suitable for the CPSI, although it could also be utilized for the
MPSI.
4.2. NETCONF/YANG
The Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF) [RFC6241] is an IETF
network management protocol [RFC6632]. NETCONF provides mechanisms
to install, manipulate, and delete the configuration of network
devices.
NETCONF protocol operations are realized as remote procedure calls
(RPCs). The NETCONF protocol uses XML-based data encoding for the
configuration data as well as the protocol messages. Recent studies,
such as [ESNet] and [PENet], have shown that NETCONF performs better
than SNMP [RFC3411].
Additionally, the YANG data modeling language [RFC6020] has been
developed for specifying NETCONF data models and protocol operations.
YANG is a data modeling language used to model configuration and
state data manipulated by the NETCONF protocol, NETCONF remote
procedure calls, and NETCONF notifications.
YANG models the hierarchical organization of data as a tree, in which
each node has either a value or a set of child nodes. Additionally,
YANG structures data models into modules and submodules, allowing
reusability and augmentation. YANG models can describe constraints
to be enforced on the data. Additionally, YANG has a set of base
datatypes and allows custom-defined datatypes as well.
YANG allows the definition of NETCONF RPCs, which allows the protocol
to have an extensible number of commands. For RPC definitions, the
operations names, input parameters, and output parameters are defined
using YANG data definition statements.
With respect to Figure 1, the YANG model [RFC6020] is suitable for
specifying DAL for the forwarding and operational planes. NETCONF
[RFC6241] is suitable for the MPSI. NETCONF is a management protocol
[RFC6632], which was not (originally) designed for fast CP updates,
and it might not be suitable for addressing the requirements of CPSI.
4.3. OpenFlow
OpenFlow is a framework originally developed at Stanford University
and currently under active standards development [OpenFlow] through
the Open Networking Foundation (ONF). Initially, the goal was to
provide a way for researchers to run experimental protocols in a
production network [OF08]. OpenFlow has undergone many revisions,
and additional revisions are likely. The following description
reflects version 1.4 [OpenFlow]. In short, OpenFlow defines a
protocol through which a logically centralized controller can control
an OpenFlow switch. Each OpenFlow-compliant switch maintains one or
more flow tables, which are used to perform packet lookups. Distinct
actions are to be taken regarding packet lookup and forwarding. A
group table and an OpenFlow channel to external controllers are also
part of the switch specification.
With respect to Figure 1, the OpenFlow switch specifications
[OpenFlow] define a DAL for the forwarding plane as well as for CPSI.
The OF-CONFIG protocol [OF-CONFIG], based on the YANG model
[RFC6020], provides a DAL for the forwarding and operational planes
of an OpenFlow switch and specifies NETCONF [RFC6241] as the MPSI.
OF-CONFIG overlaps with the OpenFlow DAL, but with NETCONF [RFC6241]
as the transport protocol, it shares the limitations described in the
previous section.
4.4. Interface to the Routing System
Interface to the Routing System (I2RS) provides a standard interface
to the routing system for real-time or event-driven interaction
through a collection of protocol-based control or management
interfaces. Essentially, one of the main goals of I2RS, is to make
the Routing Information Base (RIB) programmable, thus enabling new
kinds of network provisioning and operation.
I2RS did not initially intend to create new interfaces but rather
leverage or extend existing ones and define informational models for
the routing system. For example, the latest I2RS problem statement
[I2RSProb] discusses previously defined IETF protocols such as ForCES
[RFC5810], NETCONF [RFC6241], and SNMP [RFC3417]. Regarding the
definition of informational and data models, the I2RS working group
has opted to use the YANG [RFC6020] modeling language.
Currently the I2RS working group is developing an Information Model
[I2RSInfo] in regards to the Network Services Abstraction Layer for
the I2RS agent.
With respect to Figure 1, the I2RS architecture [I2RSArch]
encompasses the control and application planes and uses any CPSI and
DAL that is available, whether that may be ForCES [RFC5810], OpenFlow
[OpenFlow], or another interface. In addition, the I2RS agent is a
control-plane service. All services or applications on top of that
belong to either the Control, Management, or Application plane. In
the I2RS documents, management access to the agent may be provided by
management protocols like SNMP and NETCONF. The I2RS protocol may
also be mapped to the service interface as it will even provide
access to services and applications other than control-plane services
and applications.
4.5. SNMP
The Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) is an IETF-standardized
management protocol and is currently at its third revision (SNMPv3)
[RFC3417] [RFC3412] [RFC3414]. It consists of a set of standards for
network management, including an application-layer protocol, a
database schema, and a set of data objects. SNMP exposes management
data (managed objects) in the form of variables on the managed
systems, which describe the system configuration. These variables
can then be queried and set by managing applications.
SNMP uses an extensible design for describing data, defined by
Management Information Bases (MIBs). MIBs describe the structure of
the management data of a device subsystem. MIBs use a hierarchical
namespace containing object identifiers (OIDs). Each OID identifies
a variable that can be read or set via SNMP. MIBs use the notation
defined by Structure of Management Information Version 2 [RFC2578].
An early example of SNMP in the context of SDN is discussed in
[Peregrine].
With respect to Figure 1, SNMP MIBs can be used to describe DAL for
the forwarding and operational planes. Similar to YANG, SNMP MIBs
are able to describe DAL for the forwarding plane. SNMP, similar to
NETCONF, is suited for the MPSI.
4.6. PCEP
The Path Computation Element (PCE) [RFC4655] architecture defines an
entity capable of computing paths for a single service or a set of
services. A PCE might be a network node, network management station,
or dedicated computational platform that is resource-aware and has
the ability to consider multiple constraints for a variety of path
computation problems and switching technologies. The PCE
Communication Protocol (PCEP) [RFC5440] is used between a Path
Computation Client (PCC) and a PCE, or between multiple PCEs.
The PCE architecture represents a vision of networks that separates
path computation for services, the signaling of end-to-end
connections, and actual packet forwarding. The definition of online
and offline path computation is dependent on the reachability of the
PCE from network and Network Management System (NMS) nodes and the
type of optimization request that may significantly impact the
optimization response time from the PCE to the PCC.
The PCEP messaging mechanism facilitates the specification of
computation endpoints (source and destination node addresses),
objective functions (requested algorithm and optimization criteria),
and the associated constraints such as traffic parameters (e.g.,
requested bandwidth), the switching capability, and encoding type.
With respect to Figure 1, PCE is a control-plane service that
provides services for control-plane applications. PCEP may be used
as an east-west interface between PCEs that may act as domain control
entities (services and applications). The PCE working group is
specifying extensions [PCEActive] that allow an active PCE to
control, using PCEP, MPLS or GMPLS Label Switched Paths (LSPs), thus
making it applicable for the CPSI for MPLS and GMPLS switches.
4.7. BFD
Bidirectional Forwarding Detection (BFD) [RFC5880] is an IETF-
standardized network protocol designed for detecting path failures
between two forwarding elements, including physical interfaces,
subinterfaces, data link(s), and, to the extent possible, the
forwarding engines themselves, with potentially very low latency.
BFD can provide low-overhead failure detection on any kind of path
between systems, including direct physical links, virtual circuits,
tunnels, MPLS LSPs, multihop routed paths, and unidirectional links
where there exists a return path as well. It is often implemented in
some component of the forwarding engine of a system, in cases where
the forwarding and control engines are separated.
With respect to Figure 1, a BFD agent can be implemented as a
control-plane service or application that would use the CPSI towards
the forwarding plane to send/receive BFD packets. However, a BFD
agent is usually implemented as an application on the device and uses
the forwarding plane to send/receive BFD packets and update the
operational-plane resources accordingly. Services and applications
of the control and management planes that monitor or have subscribed
to changes of resources can learn about these changes through their
respective interfaces and take any actions as necessary.
5. Summary
This document has been developed after a thorough and detailed
analysis of related peer-reviewed literature, the RFC series, and
documents produced by other relevant standards organizations. It has
been reviewed publicly by the wider SDN community, and we hope that
it can serve as a handy tool for network researchers, engineers, and
practitioners in the years to come.
We conclude this document with a brief summary of the terminology of
the SDN layer architecture. In general, we consider a network
element as a composition of resources. Each network element has a
forwarding plane (FP) that is responsible for handling packets in the
data path and an operational plane (OP) that is responsible for
managing the operational state of the device. Resources in the
network element are abstracted by the Device and resource Abstraction
Layer (DAL) to be controlled and managed by services or applications
that belong to the control or management plane. The control plane
(CP) is responsible for making decisions on how packets should be
forwarded. The management plane (MP) is responsible for monitoring,
configuring, and maintaining network devices. Service interfaces are
abstracted by the Network Services Abstraction Layer (NSAL), where
other network applications or services may use them. The taxonomy
introduced in this document defines distinct SDN planes, abstraction
layers, and interfaces; it aims to clarify SDN terminology and
establish commonly accepted reference definitions across the SDN
community, irrespective of specific implementation choices.
6. Security Considerations
This document does not propose a new network architecture or protocol
and therefore does not have any impact on the security of the
Internet. That said, security is paramount in networking; thus, it
should be given full consideration when designing a network
architecture or operational deployment. Security in SDN is discussed
in the literature, for example, in [SDNSecurity], [SDNSecServ], and
[SDNSecOF]. Security considerations regarding specific interfaces
(such as, for example, ForCES, I2RS, SNMP, or NETCONF) are addressed
in their respective documents as well as in [RFC7149].
7. Informative References
[A4D05] Greenberg, A., Hjalmtysson, G., Maltz, D., Myers, A.,
Rexford, J., Xie, G., Yan, H., Zhan, J., and H. Zhang,
"A Clean Slate 4D Approach to Network Control and
Management", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,
Volume 35, Issue 5, pp. 41-54, 2005.
[ALIEN] Parniewicz, D., Corin, R., Ogrodowczyk, L., Fard, M.,
Matias, J., Gerola, M., Fuentes, V., Toseef, U.,
Zaalouk, A., Belter, B., Jacob, E., and K. Pentikousis,
"Design and Implementation of an OpenFlow Hardware
Abstraction Layer", In Proceedings of the ACM SIGCOMM
Workshop on Distributed Cloud Computing (DCC), Chicago,
Illinois, USA, pp. 71-76, doi 10.1145/2627566.2627577,
August 2014.
[Beacon] Erickson, D., "The Beacon OpenFlow Controller", In
Proceedings of the second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Hot
Topics in Software Defined Networking, pp. 13-18, 2013.
[CAPBR] Brewer, E., "Towards Robust Distributed Systems", In
Proceedings of the Symposium on Principles of
Distributed Computing (PODC), 2000.
[CAPFN] Panda, A., Scott, C., Ghodsi, A., Koponen, T., and S.
Shenker, "CAP for Networks", In Proceedings of the
second ACM SIGCOMM workshop on Hot Topics in Software
Defined Networking, pp. 91-96, 2013.
[CAPGL] Gilbert, S. and N. Lynch, "Brewer's Conjecture and the
Feasibility of Consistent, Available,
Partition-Tolerant Web Services", ACM SIGACT News,
Volume 33, Issue 2, pp. 51-59, 2002.
[CORBA] Object Management Group, "CORBA Version 3.3", November
2012, <http://www.omg.org/spec/CORBA/3.3/>.
[DIOPR] Denazis, S., Miki, K., Vicente, J., and A. Campbell,
"Designing Interfaces for Open Programmable Routers",
In "Active Networks", Springer Berlin Heidelberg,
pp. 13-24, 1999.
[ESNet] Yu, J. and I. Al Ajarmeh, "An Empirical Study of the
NETCONF Protocol", Sixth International Conference on
Networking and Services, pp. 253-258, 2010.
[FCAPS] ITU, "Management Framework For Open Systems
Interconnection (OSI) For CCITT Applications", ITU
Recommendation X.700, September 1992,
<http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-X.700-199209-I/en>.
[I2RSArch] Atlas, A., Halpern, J., Hares, S., Ward, D., and T.
Nadeau, "An Architecture for the Interface to the
Routing System", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-i2rs-architecture-07, December 2014.
[I2RSInfo] Bahadur, N., Folkes, R., Kini, S., and J. Medved,
"Routing Information Base Info Model", Work in
Progress, draft-ietf-i2rs-rib-info-model-04, December
2014.
[I2RSProb] Atlas, A., Nadeau, T., and D. Ward, "Interface to the
Routing System Problem Statement", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-i2rs-problem-statement-05, January 2015.
[ITUATM] ITU, "B-ISDN ATM Layer Specification", ITU
Recommendation I.361, 1990,
<http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-I.361-199902-I/en>.
[ITUSG11] ITU, "ITU-T Study Group 11: Protocols and test
specifications", <http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/
studygroups/2013-2016/11/Pages/default.aspx>.
[ITUSG13] ITU, "ITU-T Study Group 13: Future networks including
cloud computing, mobile and next-generation networks",
<http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-T/studygroups/
2013-2016/13/Pages/default.aspx>.
[ITUSS7] ITU, "Introduction to CCITT Signalling System No. 7",
ITU Recommendation Q.700, 1993,
<http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Q.700-199303-I/e>.
[ITUY3300] ITU, "Framework of software-defined networking", ITU
Recommendation Y.3300, June 2014,
<http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-Y.3300-201406-I/en>.
[KANDOO] Yeganeh, S. and Y. Ganjali, "Kandoo: A Framework for
Efficient and Scalable Offloading of Control
Applications", In Proceedings of the first ACM SIGCOMM
workshop on Hot Topics in Software Defined Networks,
pp. 19-24, 2012.
[NFVArch] ETSI, "Network Functions Virtualisation (NFV):
Architectural Framework", ETSI GS NFV 002, October
2013, <http://www.etsi.org/deliver/etsi_gs/
nfv/001_099/002/01.01.01_60/gs_nfv002v010101p.pdf>.
[NOX] Gude, N., Koponen, T., Pettit, J., Pfaff, B., Casado,
M., McKeown, N., and S. Shenker, "NOX: Towards an
Operating System for Networks", ACM SIGCOMM Computer
Communication Review, Volume 38, Issue 3, pp. 105-110,
July 2008.
[NV09] Chowdhury, N. and R. Boutaba, "Network Virtualization:
State of the Art and Research Challenges",
Communications Magazine, IEEE, Volume 47, Issue 7,
pp. 20-26, 2009.
[OF-CONFIG] Open Networking Foundation, "OpenFlow Management and
Configuration Protocol (OF-Config 1.1.1)", March 2013,
<https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/
downloads/sdn-resources/onf-specifications/
openflow-config/of-config-1-1-1.pdf>.
[OF08] McKeown, N., Anderson, T., Balakrishnan, H., Parulkar,
G., Peterson, L., Rexford, J., Shenker, S., and J.
Turner, "OpenFlow: Enabling Innovation in Campus
Networks", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,
Volume 38, Issue 2, pp. 69-74, 2008.
[ONFArch] Open Networking Foundation, "SDN Architecture, Version
1", June 2014,
<https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/
downloads/sdn-resources/technical-reports/
TR_SDN_ARCH_1.0_06062014.pdf>.
[OpenFlow] Open Networking Foundation, "The OpenFlow Switch
Specification, Version 1.4.0", October 2013,
<https://www.opennetworking.org/images/stories/
downloads/sdn-resources/onf-specifications/openflow/
openflow-spec-v1.4.0.pdf>.
[P1520] Biswas, J., Lazar, A., Huard, J., Lim, K., Mahjoub, S.,
Pau, L., Suzuki, M., Torstensson, S., Wang, W., and S.
Weinstein, "The IEEE P1520 standards initiative for
programmable network interfaces", IEEE Communications
Magazine, Volume 36, Issue 10, pp. 64-70, 1998.
[PCEActive] Crabbe, E., Minei, I., Medved, J., and R. Varga, "PCEP
Extensions for Stateful PCE", Work in Progress,
draft-ietf-pce-stateful-pce-10, October 2014.
[PENet] Hedstrom, B., Watwe, A., and S. Sakthidharan, "Protocol
Efficiencies of NETCONF versus SNMP for Configuration
Management Functions", Master's thesis, University of
Colorado, 2011.
[PNSurvey99] Campbell, A., De Meer, H., Kounavis, M., Miki, K.,
Vicente, J., and D. Villela, "A Survey of Programmable
Networks", ACM SIGCOMM Computer Communication Review,
Volume 29, Issue 2, pp. 7-23, September 1992.
[Peregrine] Chiueh, D., Tu, C., Wang, Y., Wang, P., Li, K., and Y.
Huang, "Peregrine: An All-Layer-2 Container Computer
Network", In Proceedings of the 2012 IEEE 5th
International Conference on Cloud Computing,
pp. 686-693, 2012.
[PiNA] Day, J., "Patterns in Network Architecture: A Return to
Fundamentals", Prentice Hall, ISBN 0132252422, 2008.
[RCP] Caesar, M., Caldwell, D., Feamster, N., Rexford, J.,
Shaikh, A., and J. van der Merwe, "Design and
Implementation of a Routing Control Platform", In
Proceedings of the 2nd conference on Symposium on
Networked Systems Design & Implementation Volume 2,
pp. 15-28, 2005.
[REST] Fielding, Roy, "Chapter 5: Representational State
Transfer (REST)", in Disseration "Architectural Styles
and the Design of Network-based Software
Architectures", 2000.
[RFC0826] Plummer, D., "Ethernet Address Resolution Protocol: Or
converting network protocol addresses to 48.bit
Ethernet address for transmission on Ethernet
hardware", STD 37, RFC 826, November 1982,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc826>.
[RFC1953] Newman, P., Edwards, W., Hinden, R., Hoffman, E., Ching
Liaw, F., Lyon, T., and G. Minshall, "Ipsilon Flow
Management Protocol Specification for IPv4 Version
1.0", RFC 1953, May 1996,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc1953>.
[RFC2297] Newman, P., Edwards, W., Hinden, R., Hoffman, E., Liaw,
F., Lyon, T., and G. Minshall, "Ipsilon's General
Switch Management Protocol Specification Version 2.0",
RFC 2297, March 1998,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2297>.
[RFC2578] McCloghrie, K., Ed., Perkins, D., Ed., and J.
Schoenwaelder, Ed., "Structure of Management
Information Version 2 (SMIv2)", STD 58, RFC 2578, April
1999, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc2578>.
[RFC3411] Harrington, D., Presuhn, R., and B. Wijnen, "An
Architecture for Describing Simple Network Management
Protocol (SNMP) Management Frameworks", STD 62, RFC
3411, December 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3411>.
[RFC3412] Case, J., Harrington, D., Presuhn, R., and B. Wijnen,
"Message Processing and Dispatching for the Simple
Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 62, RFC 3412,
December 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3412>.
[RFC3414] Blumenthal, U. and B. Wijnen, "User-based Security
Model (USM) for version 3 of the Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMPv3)", STD 62, RFC 3414,
December 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3414>.
[RFC3417] Presuhn, R., "Transport Mappings for the Simple Network
Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 62, RFC 3417, December
2002, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3417>.
[RFC3418] Presuhn, R., "Management Information Base (MIB) for the
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP)", STD 62, RFC
3418, December 2002,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3418>.
[RFC3535] Schoenwaelder, J., "Overview of the 2002 IAB Network
Management Workshop", RFC 3535, May 2003,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3535>.
[RFC3746] Yang, L., Dantu, R., Anderson, T., and R. Gopal,
"Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES)
Framework", RFC 3746, April 2004,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc3746>.
[RFC4271] Rekhter, Y., Li, T., and S. Hares, "A Border Gateway
Protocol 4 (BGP-4)", RFC 4271, January 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4271>.
[RFC4655] Farrel, A., Vasseur, J., and J. Ash, "A Path
Computation Element (PCE)-Based Architecture", RFC
4655, August 2006,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc4655>.
[RFC5424] Gerhards, R., "The Syslog Protocol", RFC 5424, March
2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5424>.
[RFC5440] Vasseur, JP. and JL. Le Roux, "Path Computation Element
(PCE) Communication Protocol (PCEP)", RFC 5440, March
2009, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5440>.
[RFC5531] Thurlow, R., "RPC: Remote Procedure Call Protocol
Specification Version 2", RFC 5531, May 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5531>.
[RFC5743] Falk, A., "Definition of an Internet Research Task
Force (IRTF) Document Stream", RFC 5743, December 2009,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5743>.
[RFC5810] Doria, A., Hadi Salim, J., Haas, R., Khosravi, H.,
Wang, W., Dong, L., Gopal, R., and J. Halpern,
"Forwarding and Control Element Separation (ForCES)
Protocol Specification", RFC 5810, March 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5810>.
[RFC5812] Halpern, J. and J. Hadi Salim, "Forwarding and Control
Element Separation (ForCES) Forwarding Element Model",
RFC 5812, March 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5812>.
[RFC5880] Katz, D. and D. Ward, "Bidirectional Forwarding
Detection (BFD)", RFC 5880, June 2010,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc5880>.
[RFC6020] Bjorklund, M., "YANG - A Data Modeling Language for the
Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)", RFC 6020,
October 2010, <http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6020>.
[RFC6241] Enns, R., Bjorklund, M., Schoenwaelder, J., and A.
Bierman, "Network Configuration Protocol (NETCONF)",
RFC 6241, June 2011,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6241>.
[RFC6632] Ersue, M. and B. Claise, "An Overview of the IETF
Network Management Standards", RFC 6632, June 2012,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc6632>.
[RFC7011] Claise, B., Trammell, B., and P. Aitken, "Specification
of the IP Flow Information Export (IPFIX) Protocol for
the Exchange of Flow Information", STD 77, RFC 7011,
September 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7011>.
[RFC7047] Pfaff, B. and B. Davie, "The Open vSwitch Database
Management Protocol", RFC 7047, December 2013,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7047>.
[RFC7149] Boucadair, M. and C. Jacquenet, "Software-Defined
Networking: A Perspective from within a Service
Provider Environment", RFC 7149, March 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7149>.
[RFC7276] Mizrahi, T., Sprecher, N., Bellagamba, E., and Y.
Weingarten, "An Overview of Operations, Administration,
and Maintenance (OAM) Tools", RFC 7276, June 2014,
<http://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc7276>.
[RINA] Day, J., Matta, I., and K. Mattar, "Networking is IPC:
A Guiding Principle to a Better Internet", In
Proceedings of the 2008 ACM CoNEXT Conference, Article
No. 67, 2008.
[RouteFlow] Nascimento, M., Rothenberg, C., Salvador, M., Correa,
C., de Lucena, S., and M. Magalhaes, "Virtual Routers
as a Service: The RouteFlow Approach Leveraging
Software-Defined Networks", In Proceedings of the 6th
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Azodolmolky, S., and S. Uhlig, "Software-Defined
Networking: A Comprehensive Survey", Networking and
Internet Architecture (cs.NI), arXiv:1406.0440, 2014.
[SDNHistory] Feamster, N., Rexford, J., and E. Zegura, "The Road to
SDN: An Intellectual History of Programmable Networks",
ACM Queue, Volume 11, Issue 12, 2013.
[SDNNFV] Haleplidis, E., Hadi Salim, J., Denazis, S., and O.
Koufopavlou, "Towards a Network Abstraction Model for
SDN", Journal of Network and Systems Management:
Special Issue on Management of Software Defined
Networks, pp. 1-19, 2014.
[SDNSecOF] Kloti, R., Kotronis, V., and P. Smith, "OpenFlow: A
Security Analysis", 21st IEEE International Conference
on Network Protocols (ICNP) pp. 1-6, October 2013.
[SDNSecServ] Scott-Hayward, S., O'Callaghan, G., and S. Sezer, "SDN
Security: A Survey", In IEEE SDN for Future Networks
and Services (SDN4FNS), pp. 1-7, 2013.
[SDNSecurity] Kreutz, D., Ramos, F., and P. Verissimo, "Towards
Secure and Dependable Software-Defined Networks", In
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Topics in Software Defined Networking, pp. 55-60, 2013.
[SDNSurvey] Nunes, B., Mendonca, M., Nguyen, X., Obraczka, K., and
T. Turletti, "A Survey of Software-Defined Networking:
Past, Present, and Future of Programmable Networks",
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[SLTSDN] Jarraya, Y., Madi, T., and M. Debbabi, "A Survey and a
Layered Taxonomy of Software-Defined Networking", IEEE
Communications Surveys and Tutorials, Volume 16, Issue
4, pp. 1955-1980, 2014.
[SoftRouter] Lakshman, T., Nandagopal, T., Ramjee, R., Sabnani, K.,
and T. Woo, "The SoftRouter Architecture", In
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Acknowledgements
The authors would like to acknowledge Salvatore Loreto and Sudhir
Modali for their contributions in the initial discussion on the SDNRG
mailing list as well as their document-specific comments; they helped
put this document in a better shape.
Additionally, we would like to thank (in alphabetical order)
Shivleela Arlimatti, Roland Bless, Scott Brim, Alan Clark, Luis
Miguel Contreras Murillo, Tim Copley, Linda Dunbar, Ken Gray, Deniz
Gurkan, Dave Hood, Georgios Karagiannis, Bhumip Khasnabish, Sriganesh
Kini, Ramki Krishnan, Dirk Kutscher, Diego Lopez, Scott Mansfield,
Pedro Martinez-Julia, David E. Mcdysan, Erik Nordmark, Carlos
Pignataro, Robert Raszuk, Bless Roland, Francisco Javier Ros Munoz,
Dimitri Staessens, Yaakov Stein, Eve Varma, Stuart Venters, Russ
White, and Lee Young for their critical comments and discussions at
IETF 88, IETF 89, and IETF 90 and on the SDNRG mailing list, which we
took into consideration while revising this document.
We would also like to thank (in alphabetical order) Spencer Dawkins
and Eliot Lear for their IRSG reviews, which further refined this
document.
Finally, we thank Nobo Akiya for his review of the section on BFD,
Julien Meuric for his review of the section on PCE, and Adrian Farrel
and Benoit Claise for their IESG reviews of this document.
Kostas Pentikousis is supported by [ALIEN], a research project
partially funded by the European Community under the Seventh
Framework Program (grant agreement no. 317880). The views expressed
here are those of the author only. The European Commission is not
liable for any use that may be made of the information in this
document.
Contributors
The authors would like to acknowledge (in alphabetical order) the
following persons as contributors to this document. They all
provided text, pointers, and comments that made this document more
complete:
o Daniel King for providing text related to PCEP.
o Scott Mansfield for information regarding current ITU work on SDN.
o Yaakov Stein for providing text related to the CAP theorem and
SDO-related information.
o Russ White for text suggestions on the definitions of control,
management, and application.
Authors' Addresses
Evangelos Haleplidis (editor)
University of Patras
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Patras 26500
Greece
EMail: ehalep@ece.upatras.gr
Kostas Pentikousis (editor)
EICT GmbH
Torgauer Strasse 12-15
10829 Berlin
Germany
EMail: k.pentikousis@eict.de
Spyros Denazis
University of Patras
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Patras 26500
Greece
EMail: sdena@upatras.gr
Jamal Hadi Salim
Mojatatu Networks
Suite 400, 303 Moodie Dr.
Ottawa, Ontario K2H 9R4
Canada
EMail: hadi@mojatatu.com
David Meyer
Brocade
EMail: dmm@1-4-5.net
Odysseas Koufopavlou
University of Patras
Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering
Patras 26500
Greece
EMail: odysseas@ece.upatras.gr