Network Working Group B. Carpenter
Request for Comments: 1671 CERN
Category: Informational August 1994
IPng White Paper on Transition and Other Considerations
Status of this Memo
This memo provides information for the Internet community. This memo
does not specify an Internet standard of any kind. Distribution of
this memo is unlimited.
Abstract
This document was submitted to the IETF IPng area in response to RFC
1550. Publication of this document does not imply acceptance by the
IPng area of any ideas expressed within. Comments should be
submitted to the big-internet@munnari.oz.au mailing list.
Summary
This white paper outlines some general requirements for IPng in
selected areas. It identifies the following requirements for stepwise
transition:
A) Interworking at every stage and every layer.
B) Header translation considered harmful
C) Coexistence.
D) IPv4 to IPng address mapping.
E) Dual stack hosts.
F) DNS.
G) Smart dual-stack code.
H) Smart management tools.
Some remarks about phsysical and logical multicast follow, and it is
suggested that a model of how IPng will run over ATM is needed.
Finally, the paper suggests that the requirements for policy routing,
accounting, and security firewalls will in turn require all IPng
packets to carry a trace of the type of transaction involved as well
as of their source and destination.
Transition and deployment
It is clear that the transition will take years and that every site
will have to decide its own staged transition plan. Only the very
smallest sites could envisage a single step ("flag day") transition,
Carpenter [Page 1]
RFC 1671 IPng White Paper on Transition, etc. August 1994 presumably under pressure from their Internet service providers. Furthermore, once the IPng decision is taken, the next decade (or more) of activity in the Internet and in all private networks using the Internet suite will be strongly affected by the process of IPng deployment. User sites will look at the decision whether to change from IPv4 in the same way as they have looked in the past at changes of programming language or operating system. It may not be a foregone conclusion that what they change to is IPng. Their main concern will be to minimise the cost of the change and the risk of lost production. This concern immediately defines strong constraints on the model for transition and deployment of IPng. Some of these constraints are listed below, with a short explanation of each one. Terminology: an "IPv4 host" is a host that runs exactly what it runs today, with no maintenance releases and no configuration changes. An "IPng host" is a host that has a new version of IP, and has been reconfigured. Similarly for routers. A) Interworking at every stage and every layer. This is the major constraint. Vendors of computer systems, routers, and applications software will certainly not coordinate their product release dates. Users will go on running their old equipment and software. Therefore, any combination of IPv4 and IPng hosts and routers must be able to interwork (i.e., participate in UDP and TCP sessions). An IPv4 packet must be able to find its way from any IPv4 host, to any other IPv4 or IPng host, or vice versa, through a mixture of IPv4 and IPng routers, with no (zero, null) modifications to the IPv4 hosts. IPv4 routers must need no modifications to interwork with IPng routers. Additionally, an application package which is "aware" of IPv4 but still "unaware" of IPng must be able to run on a computer system which is running IPv4, but communicating with an IPng host. For example an old PC in Europe should be able to access a NIC server in the USA, even if the NIC server is running IPng and the transatlantic routing mechanisms are only partly converted. Or a Class C network in one department of a company should retain full access to corporate servers which are running IPng, even though nothing whatever has been changed inside the Class C network. (This does NOT require an IPv4-only application to run on an IPng host; thus we accept that some hosts cannot be upgraded until all their applications are IPng-compatible. In other words we accept that the API may change to some extent. However, even this relaxation is debatable and some vendors may want to strictly preserve the IPv4 API on an IPng host.) Carpenter [Page 2]
RFC 1671 IPng White Paper on Transition, etc. August 1994 B) Header translation considered harmful. This author believes that any transition scenario which REQUIRES dynamic header translation between IPv4 and IPng packets will create almost insurmountable practical difficulties: B1) It is taken for granted for the purposes of this paper that IPng functionality will be a superset of IPv4 functionality. However, successful translation between protocols requires that the functionalities of the two protocols which are to be translated are effectively identical. To achieve this, applications will need to know when they are interworking, via the IPng API and a translator somewhere in the network, with an IPv4 host, so as to use only IPv4 functionality. This is an unrealistic constraint. B2) Administration of translators will be quite impracticable for large sites, unless the translation mechanism is completely blind and automatic. Specifically, any translation mechanism that requires special tags to be maintained manually for each host in tables (such as DNS tables or router tables) to indicate the need for translation will be impossible to administer. On a site with thousands of hosts running many versions and releases of several operating systems, hosts move forwards and even backwards between software releases in such a way that continuously tracking the required state of such tags will be impossible. Multiplied across the whole Internet, this will lead to chaos, complex failure modes, and difficult diagnosis. In particular, it will make the constraint of paragraph B1) impossible to respect. In practice, the knowledge that translation is needed should never leak out of the site concerned if chaos is to be avoided, and yet without such knowledge applications cannot limit themselves to IPv4 functionality when necessary. To avoid confusion, note that header translation, as discussed here, is not the same thing as address translation (NAT). This paper does not discuss NAT. This paper does not tackle performance issues in detail, but clearly another disadvantage of translation is the consequent overhead. C) Coexistence. The Internet infrastructure (whether global or private) must allow coexistence of IPv4 and IPng in the same routers and on the same Carpenter [Page 3]
RFC 1671 IPng White Paper on Transition, etc. August 1994 physical paths. This is a necessity, in order that the network infrastructure can be updated to IPng without requiring hosts to be updated in lock step and without requiring translators. Note that this requirement does NOT impose a decision about a common or separate (ships-in-the-night) approach to routing. Nor does it exclude encapsulation as a coexistence mechanism. D) IPv4 to IPng address mapping. Human beings will have to understand what is happening during transition. Although auto-configuration of IPng addresses may be a desirable end point, management of the transition will be greatly simplified if there is an optional simple mapping, on a given site, between IPv4 and IPng addresses. Therefore, the IPng address space should include a mapping for IPv4 addresses, such that (if a site or service provider wants to do this) the IPv4 address of a system can be transformed mechanically into its IPng address, most likely by adding a prefix. The prefix does not have to be the same for every site; it is likely to be at least service-provider specific. This does not imply that such address mapping will be used for dynamic translation (although it could be) or to embed IPv4 routing within IPng routing (although it could be). Its main purpose is to simplify transition planning for network operators. By the way, this requirement does not actually assume that IPv4 addresses are globally unique. Neither does it help much in setting up the relationship, if any, between IPv4 and IPng routing domains and hierarchies. There is no reason to suppose these will be in 1:1 correspondence. E) Dual stack hosts. Stepwise transition without translation is hard to imagine unless a large proportion of hosts are simultaneously capable of running IPng and IPv4. If A needs to talk to B (an IPng host) and to C (an IPv4 host) then either A or B must be able to run both IPv4 and IPng. In other words, all hosts running IPng must still be able to run IPv4. IPng-only hosts are not allowed during transition. This requirement does not imply that IPng hosts really have two completely separate IP implementations (dual stacks and dual APIs), Carpenter [Page 4]
RFC 1671 IPng White Paper on Transition, etc. August 1994 but just that they behave as if they did. It is compatible with encapsulation (i.e., one of the two stacks encapsulates packets for the other). Obviously, management of dual stack hosts will be simplified by the address mapping just mentioned. Only the site prefix has to be configured (manually or dynamically) in addition to the IPv4 address. In a dual stack host the IPng API and the IPv4 API will be logically distinguishable even if they are implemented as a single entity. Applications will know from the API whether they are using IPng or IPv4. F) DNS. The dual stack requirement implies that DNS has to reply with both an IPv4 and IPng address for IPng hosts, or with a single reply that encodes both. If a host is attributed an IPng address in DNS, but is not actually running IPng yet, it will appear as a black hole in IPng space - see the next point. G) Smart dual-stack code. The dual-stack code may get two addresses back from DNS; which does it use? During the many years of transition the Internet will contain black holes. For example, somewhere on the way from IPng host A to IPng host B there will sometimes (unpredictably) be IPv4-only routers which discard IPng packets. Also, the state of the DNS does not necessarily correspond to reality. A host for which DNS claims to know an IPng address may in fact not be running IPng at a particular moment; thus an IPng packet to that host will be discarded on delivery. Knowing that a host has both IPv4 and IPng addresses gives no information about black holes. A solution to this must be proposed and it must not depend on manually maintained information. (If this is not solved, the dual stack approach is no better than the packet translation approach.) H) Smart management tools. A whole set of management tools is going to be needed during the transition. Why is my IPng route different from my IPv4 route? If there is translation, where does it happen? Where are the black holes? (Cosmologists would like the same tool :-) Is that host REALLY IPng-capable today?... Carpenter [Page 5]
RFC 1671 IPng White Paper on Transition, etc. August 1994 Multicasts high and low It is taken for granted that multicast applications must be supported by IPng. One obvious architectural rule is that no multicast packet should ever travel twice over the same wire, whether it is a LAN or WAN wire. Failure to observe this would mean that the maximum number of simultaneous multicast transactions would be halved. A negative feature of IPv4 on LANs is the cavalier use of physical broadcast packets by protcols such as ARP (and various non-IETF copycats). On large LANs this leads to a number of undesirable consequences (often caused by poor products or poor users, not by the protcol design itself). The obvious architectural rule is that physical broadcast should be replaced by unicast (or at worst, multicast) whenever possible. ATM The networking industry is investing heavily in ATM. No IPng proposal will be plausible (in the sense of gaining management approval) unless it is "ATM compatible", i.e., there is a clear model of how it will run over an ATM network. Although a fully detailed document such as RFC 1577 is not needed immediately, it must be shown that the basic model works. Similar remarks could be made about X.25, Frame Relay, SMDS etc. but ATM is the case with the highest management hype ratio today. Policy routing and accounting Unfortunately, this cannot be ignored, however much one would like to. Funding agencies want traffic to flow over the lines funded to carry it, and they want to know afterwards how much traffic there was. Accounting information can also be used for network planning and for back-charging. It is therefore necessary that IPng and its routing procedures allow traffic to be routed in a way that depends on its source and destination in detail. (As an example, traffic from the Physics department of MIT might be required to travel a different route to CERN than traffic from any other department.) A simple approach to this requirement is to insist that IPng must support provider-based addressing and routing. Accounting of traffic is required at the same level of detail (or more, for example how much of the traffic is ftp and how much is www?). Carpenter [Page 6]
RFC 1671 IPng White Paper on Transition, etc. August 1994 Both of these requirements will cost time or money and may impact more than just the IP layer, but IPng should not duck them. Security Considerations Corporate network operators, and campus network operators who have been hacked a few times, take this more seriously than many protocol experts. Indeed many corporate network operators would see improved security as a more compelling argument for transition to IPng than anything else. Since IPng will presumably be a datagram protocol, limiting what can be done in terms of end-to-end security, IPng must allow more effective firewalls in routers than IPv4. In particular efficient traffic barring based on source and destination addresses and types of transaction is needed. It seems likely that the same features needed to allow policy routing and detailed accounting would be needed for improved firewall security. It is outside the scope of this document to discuss these features in detail, but it seems unlikely that they are limited to implementation details in the border routers. Packets will have to carry some authenticated trace of the (source, destination, transaction) triplet in order to check for unwanted traffic, to allow policy-based source routing, and/or to allow detailed accounting. Presumably any IPng will carry source and destination identifiers in some format in every packet, but identifying the type of transaction, or even the individual transaction, is an extra requirement. Disclaimer and Acknowledgements This is a personal view and does not necessarily represent that of my employer. CERN has been through three network transitions in recent years (IPv4 renumbering managed by John Gamble, AppleTalk Phase I to Phase II transition managed by Mike Gerard, and DECnet Phase IV to DECnet/OSI routing transition managed by Denise Heagerty). I could not have written this document without having learnt from them. I have also benefitted greatly from discussions with or the writings of many people, especially various members of the IPng Directorate. Several Directorate members gave comments that helped clarify this paper, as did Bruce L Hutfless of Boeing. However the opinions are mine and are not shared by all Directorate members. Carpenter [Page 7]
RFC 1671 IPng White Paper on Transition, etc. August 1994
Author's Address
Brian E. Carpenter
Group Leader, Communications Systems
Computing and Networks Division
CERN
European Laboratory for Particle Physics
1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland
Phone: +41 22 767-4967
Fax: +41 22 767-7155
Telex: 419000 cer ch
EMail: brian@dxcoms.cern.ch
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