Network Working Group B. Aboba
Request for Comments: 2486 Microsoft
Category: Standards Track M. Beadles
WorldCom Advanced Networks
January 1999
The Network Access Identifier
Status of this Memo
This document specifies an Internet standards track protocol for the
Internet community, and requests discussion and suggestions for
improvements. Please refer to the current edition of the "Internet
Official Protocol Standards" (STD 1) for the standardization state
and status of this protocol. Distribution of this memo is unlimited.
Copyright Notice
Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved.
1. Abstract
In order to enhance the interoperability of roaming and tunneling
services, it is desirable to have a standardized method for
identifying users. This document proposes syntax for the Network
Access Identifier (NAI), the userID submitted by the client during
PPP authentication. It is expected that this will be of interest for
support of roaming as well as tunneling. "Roaming capability" may be
loosely defined as the ability to use any one of multiple Internet
service providers (ISPs), while maintaining a formal, customer-vendor
relationship with only one. Examples of where roaming capabilities
might be required include ISP "confederations" and ISP-provided
corporate network access support.
2. Introduction
Considerable interest has arisen recently in a set of features that
fit within the general category of "roaming capability" for dialup
Internet users. Interested parties have included:
Regional Internet Service Providers (ISPs) operating within a
particular state or province, looking to combine their efforts
with those of other regional providers to offer dialup service
over a wider area.
Aboba & Beadles Standards Track [Page 1]
RFC 2486 The Network Access Identifier January 1999 National ISPs wishing to combine their operations with those of one or more ISPs in another nation to offer more comprehensive dialup service in a group of countries or on a continent. Businesses desiring to offer their employees a comprehensive package of dialup services on a global basis. Those services may include Internet access as well as secure access to corporate intranets via a Virtual Private Network (VPN), enabled by tunneling protocols such as PPTP, L2F, L2TP, and IPSEC tunnel mode. In order to enhance the interoperability of roaming and tunneling services, it is desirable to have a standardized method for identifying users. This document proposes syntax for the Network Access Identifier (NAI). Examples of implementations that use the NAI, and descriptions of its semantics, can be found in [1]. 2.1. Terminology This document frequently uses the following terms: Network Access Identifier The Network Access Identifier (NAI) is the userID submitted by the client during PPP authentication. In roaming, the purpose of the NAI is to identify the user as well as to assist in the routing of the authentication request. Please note that the NAI may not necessarily be the same as the user's e-mail address or the userID submitted in an application layer authentication. Network Access Server The Network Access Server (NAS) is the device that clients dial in order to get access to the network. In PPTP terminology this is referred to as the PPTP Access Concentrator (PAC), and in L2TP terminology, it is referred to as the L2TP Access Concentrator (LAC). Roaming Capability Roaming capability can be loosely defined as the ability to use any one of multiple Internet service providers (ISPs), while maintaining a formal, customer-vendor relationship with only one. Examples of cases where roaming capability might be required include ISP "confederations" and ISP- provided corporate network access support. Aboba & Beadles Standards Track [Page 2]
RFC 2486 The Network Access Identifier January 1999 Tunneling Service A tunneling service is any network service enabled by tunneling protocols such as PPTP, L2F, L2TP, and IPSEC tunnel mode. One example of a tunneling service is secure access to corporate intranets via a Virtual Private Network (VPN). 2.2. Requirements language In this document, the key words "MAY", "MUST, "MUST NOT", "optional", "recommended", "SHOULD", and "SHOULD NOT", are to be interpreted as described in [9]. 2.3. Purpose As described in [1], there are now a number of services implementing dialup roaming, and the number of Internet Service Providers involved in roaming consortia is increasing rapidly. In order to be able to offer roaming capability, one of the requirements is to be able to identify the user's home authentication server. For use in roaming, this function is accomplished via the Network Access Identifier (NAI) submitted by the user to the NAS in the initial PPP authentication. It is also expected that NASes will use the NAI as part of the process of opening a new tunnel, in order to determine the tunnel endpoint. 2.4. Notes for Implementors As proposed in this document, the Network Access Identifier is of the form user@realm. Please note that while the user portion of the NAI conforms to the BNF described in [5], the BNF of the realm portion allows the realm to begin with a digit, which is not permitted by the BNF described in [4]. This change was made to reflect current practice; although not permitted by the BNF described in [4], FQDNs such as 3com.com are commonly used, and accepted by current software. Please note that NAS vendors may need to modify their devices so as to support the NAI as described in this document. Devices handling NAIs MUST support an NAI length of at least 72 octets. 3. Formal definition of the NAI The grammar for the NAI is given below, described in ABNF as documented in [7]. The grammar for the username is taken from [5], and the grammar for the realm is an updated version of [4]. nai = username / ( username "@" realm ) Aboba & Beadles Standards Track [Page 3]
RFC 2486 The Network Access Identifier January 1999 username = dot-string realm = realm "." label label = let-dig * (ldh-str) ldh-str = *( Alpha / Digit / "-" ) let-dig dot-string = string / ( dot-string "." string ) string = char / ( string char ) char = c / ( "\" x ) let-dig = Alpha / Digit Alpha = %x41-5A / %x61-7A ; A-Z / a-z Digit = %x30-39 ;0-9 c = < any one of the 128 ASCII characters, but not any special or SP > x = %x00-7F ; all 127 ASCII characters, no exception SP = %x20 ; Space character special = "<" / ">" / "(" / ")" / "[" / "]" / "\" / "." / "," / ";" / ":" / "@" / %x22 / Ctl Ctl = %x00-1F / %x7F ; the control characters (ASCII codes 0 through 31 ; inclusive and 127) Examples of valid Network Access Identifiers include: fred@3com.com fred@foo-9.com fred_smith@big-co.com fred=?#$&*+-/^smith@bigco.com fred@bigco.com nancy@eng.bigu.edu eng!nancy@bigu.edu eng%nancy@bigu.edu Aboba & Beadles Standards Track [Page 4]
RFC 2486 The Network Access Identifier January 1999 Examples of invalid Network Access Identifiers include: fred@foo fred@foo_9.com @howard.edu fred@bigco.com@smallco.com eng:nancy@bigu.edu eng;nancy@bigu.edu <nancy>@bigu.edu 4. References [1] Aboba, B., Lu J., Alsop J., Ding J. and W. Wang, "Review of Roaming Implementations", RFC 2194, September 1997. [2] Rigney C., Rubens A., Simpson W. and S. Willens, "Remote Authentication Dial In User Service (RADIUS)", RFC 2138, April 1997. [3] Rigney C., "RADIUS Accounting", RFC 2139, April 1997. [4] Mockapetris, P., "Domain Names - Implementation and Specification", STD 13, RFC 1035, November 1987. [5] Postel, J., "Simple Mail Transfer Protocol", STD 10, RFC 821, August 1982. [6] Gulbrandsen A. and P. Vixie, "A DNS RR for specifying the location of services (DNS SRV)", RFC 2052, October 1996. [7] Crocker, D. and P. Overrell, "Augmented BNF for Syntax Specifications: ABNF", RFC 2234, November 1997. [8] Kent, S. and R. Atkinson, "Security Architecture for the Internet Protocol", RFC 2401, November 1998. [9] Bradner, S., "Key words for use in RFCs to Indicate Requirement Levels", BCP 14, RFC 2119, March 1997. 5. Security Considerations Since an NAI reveals the home affiliation of a user, it may assist an attacker in further probing the username space. Typically this problem is of most concern in protocols which transmit the user name in clear-text across the Internet, such as in RADIUS, described in [2] and [3]. In order to prevent snooping of the user name, protocols may use confidentiality services provided by IPSEC, described in [8]. Aboba & Beadles Standards Track [Page 5]
RFC 2486 The Network Access Identifier January 1999 6. IANA Considerations This document defines a new namespace that will need to be administered, namely the NAI realm namespace. In order to to avoid creating any new administrative procedures, administration of the NAI realm namespace will piggyback on the administration of the DNS namespace. NAI realm names are required to be unique and the rights to use a given NAI realm for roaming purposes are obtained coincident with acquiring the rights to use a particular fully qualified domain name (FQDN). Those wishing to use an NAI realm name should first acquire the rights to use the corresponding FQDN. Using an NAI realm without ownership of the corresponding FQDN creates the possibility of conflict and therefore is to be discouraged. Note that the use of an FQDN as the realm name does not imply use of the DNS for location of the authentication server or for authentication routing. Since to date roaming has been implemented on a relatively small scale, existing implementations typically handle location of authentication servers within a domain and perform authentication routing based on local knowledge expressed in proxy configuration files. The implementations described in [1] have not found a need for use of DNS for location of the authentication server within a domain, although this can be accomplished via use of the DNS SRV record, described in [6]. Similarly, existing implementations have not found a need for dynamic routing protocols, or propagation of global routing information. Note also that there is no requirement that the NAI represent a valid email address. 7. Acknowledgements Thanks to Glen Zorn of Microsoft for many useful discussions of this problem space. Aboba & Beadles Standards Track [Page 6]
RFC 2486 The Network Access Identifier January 1999 8. Authors' Addresses Bernard Aboba Microsoft Corporation One Microsoft Way Redmond, WA 98052 Phone: 425-936-6605 EMail: bernarda@microsoft.com Mark A. Beadles WorldCom Advanced Networks 5000 Britton Rd. Hilliard, OH 43026 Phone: 614-723-1941 EMail: mbeadles@wcom.net Aboba & Beadles Standards Track [Page 7]
RFC 2486 The Network Access Identifier January 1999 9. Full Copyright Statement Copyright (C) The Internet Society (1999). All Rights Reserved. This document and translations of it may be copied and furnished to others, and derivative works that comment on or otherwise explain it or assist in its implementation may be prepared, copied, published and distributed, in whole or in part, without restriction of any kind, provided that the above copyright notice and this paragraph are included on all such copies and derivative works. However, this document itself may not be modified in any way, such as by removing the copyright notice or references to the Internet Society or other Internet organizations, except as needed for the purpose of developing Internet standards in which case the procedures for copyrights defined in the Internet Standards process must be followed, or as required to translate it into languages other than English. The limited permissions granted above are perpetual and will not be revoked by the Internet Society or its successors or assigns. This document and the information contained herein is provided on an "AS IS" basis and THE INTERNET SOCIETY AND THE INTERNET ENGINEERING TASK FORCE DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO ANY WARRANTY THAT THE USE OF THE INFORMATION HEREIN WILL NOT INFRINGE ANY RIGHTS OR ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE. Aboba & Beadles Standards Track [Page 8]
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