| RFC 0000 | Grouping RTCP Reception Statistics | August 2019 |
| Lennox, et al. | Standards Track | [Page] |
RTP allows multiple RTP streams to be sent in a single session, but requires each Synchronisation Source (SSRC) to send RTCP reception quality reports for every other SSRC visible in the session. This causes the number of RTCP reception reports to grow with the number of SSRCs, rather than the number of endpoints. In many cases most of these RTCP reception reports are unnecessary, since all SSRCs of an endpoint are normally co-located and see the same reception quality. This memo defines a Reporting Group extension to RTCP to reduce the reporting overhead in such scenarios.¶
This is an Internet Standards Track document.¶
This document is a product of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It represents the consensus of the IETF community. It has received public review and has been approved for publication by the Internet Engineering Steering Group (IESG). Further information on Internet Standards is available in Section 2 of RFC 7841.¶
Information about the current status of this document, any errata, and how to provide feedback on it may be obtained at https://www.rfc-editor.org/info/rfc0000.¶
Copyright (c) 2019 IETF Trust and the persons identified as the document authors. All rights reserved.¶
This document is subject to BCP 78 and the IETF Trust's Legal Provisions Relating to IETF Documents (https://trustee.ietf.org/license-info) in effect on the date of publication of this document. Please review these documents carefully, as they describe your rights and restrictions with respect to this document. Code Components extracted from this document must include Simplified BSD License text as described in Section 4.e of the Trust Legal Provisions and are provided without warranty as described in the Simplified BSD License.¶
The Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP) [RFC3550] is a protocol for group communication, supporting multiparty multimedia sessions. A single RTP session can support multiple participants sending at once, and can also support participants sending multiple simultaneous RTP streams. Examples of the latter might include a participant with multiple cameras who chooses to send multiple views of a scene, or a participant that sends audio and video flows multiplexed in a single RTP session. Rules for handling RTP sessions containing multiple RTP streams are described in [RFC3550] with some clarifications in [RTP-STREAMS].¶
An RTP endpoint will have one or more synchronisation sources (SSRCs). It will have at least one RTP Stream, and thus SSRC, for each media source it sends, and might use multiple SSRCs per media source when using media scalability features [RFC6190], forward error correction, RTP retransmission [RFC4588], or similar mechanisms. An endpoint that is not sending any RTP stream, will have at least one SSRC to use for reporting and any feedback messages. Each SSRC has to send RTCP sender reports corresponding to the RTP packets it sends, and receiver reports for traffic it receives. That is, every SSRC will send RTCP packets to report on every other SSRC. This rule is simple, but can be quite inefficient for endpoints that send large numbers of RTP streams in a single RTP session. Consider a session comprising ten participants, each sending three media sources, each with their own RTP stream. There will be 30 SSRCs in such an RTP session, and each of those 30 SSRCs will send an RTCP Sender Report/Receiver Report packet (containing several report blocks) per reporting interval as each SSRC reports on all the others. However, the three SSRCs comprising each participant are commonly co-located such that they see identical reception quality. If there was a way to indicate that several SSRCs are co-located, and see the same reception quality, then two-thirds of those RTCP reports could be suppressed. This would allow the remaining RTCP reports to be sent more often, while keeping within the same RTCP bandwidth fraction.¶
This memo defines such an RTCP extension, RTCP Reporting Groups. This extension is used to indicate the SSRCs that originate from the same endpoint, and therefore have identical reception quality, hence allowing the endpoints to suppress unnecessary RTCP reception quality reports.¶
The key words "MUST", "MUST NOT", "REQUIRED", "SHALL", "SHALL NOT", "SHOULD", "SHOULD NOT", "RECOMMENDED", "NOT RECOMMENDED", "MAY", and "OPTIONAL" in this document are to be interpreted as described in BCP 14 [RFC2119] [RFC8174] when, and only when, they appear in all capitals, as shown here.¶
An RTCP Reporting Group is a set of synchronization sources (SSRCs) that are co-located at a single endpoint (which could be an end host or a middlebox) in an RTP session. Since they are co-located, every SSRC in the RTCP reporting group will have an identical view of the network conditions, and see the same lost packets, jitter, etc. This allows a single representative to send RTCP reception quality reports on behalf of the rest of the reporting group, reducing the number of RTCP packets that need to be sent without loss of information.¶
A group of co-located SSRCs that see identical network conditions can form an RTCP reporting group. If reporting groups are in use, an RTP endpoint with multiple SSRCs MAY put those SSRCs into a reporting group if their view of the network is identical; i.e., if they report on traffic received at the same interface of an RTP endpoint. SSRCs with different views of the network MUST NOT be put into the same reporting group.¶
An endpoint that has combined its SSRCs into an RTCP reporting group will choose one (or a subset) of those SSRCs to act as "reporting source(s)" for that RTCP reporting group. A reporting source will send RTCP SR/RR reception quality reports on behalf of the other members of the RTCP reporting group. A reporting source MUST suppress the RTCP SR/RR reports that relate to other members of the reporting group, and only report on remote SSRCs. The other members (non reporting sources) of the RTCP reporting group will suppress their RTCP reception quality reports, and instead send an RTCP RGRS packet (see Section 3.2.2) to indicate that they are part of an RTCP reporting group and give the SSRCs of the reporting sources.¶
If there are large numbers of remote SSRCs in the RTP session, then the reception quality reports generated by the reporting source might grow too large to fit into a single compound RTCP packet, forcing the reporting source to use a round-robin policy to determine what remote SSRCs it includes in each compound RTCP packet, and so reducing the frequency of reports on each SSRC. To avoid this, in sessions with large numbers of remote SSRCs, an RTCP reporting group MAY use more than one reporting source. If several SSRCs are acting as reporting sources for an RTCP reporting group, then each reporting source MUST have non-overlapping sets of remote SSRCs it reports on.¶
An endpoint MUST NOT create an RTCP reporting group that comprises only a single local SSRC (i.e., an RTCP reporting group where the reporting source is the only member of the group), unless it is anticipated that the group might have additional SSRCs added to it in the future.¶
If a reporting source leaves the RTP session (i.e., if it sends a RTCP BYE packet, or leaves the session without sending BYE under the rules of [RFC3550], Section 6.3.7), the remaining members of the RTCP reporting group MUST either (a) have another reporting source, if one exists, report on the remote SSRCs the leaving SSRC reported on, (b) choose a new reporting source, or (c) disband the RTCP reporting group and begin sending reception quality reports following [RFC3550] and [RTP-STREAMS].¶
The RTCP timing rules assign different bandwidth fractions to senders and receivers. This lets senders transmit RTCP reception quality reports more often than receivers. If a reporting source in an RTCP reporting group is a receiver, but one or more non-reporting SSRCs in the RTCP reporting group are senders, then the endpoint MAY treat the reporting source as a sender for the purpose of RTCP bandwidth allocation, increasing its RTCP bandwidth allocation, provided it also treats one of the senders as if it were a receiver and makes the corresponding reduction in RTCP bandwidth for that SSRC. However, the application needs to consider the impact on the frequency of transmitting of the synchronization information included in RTCP Sender Reports.¶
When RTCP Reporting Groups are in use, the other SSRCs in the RTP session need to be able to identify which SSRCs are members of an RTCP reporting group. Two RTCP extensions are defined to support this: the RTCP RGRP SDES item is used by the reporting source(s) to identify an RTCP reporting group, and the RTCP RGRS packet is used by other members of an RTCP reporting group to identify the reporting source(s).¶
This document defines a new RTCP SDES item to identify an RTCP reporting group. The motivation for giving a reporting group an identify is to ensure that the RTCP reporting group and its member SSRCs can be correctly associated when there are multiple reporting sources, and to ensure that a reporting SSRC can be associated with the correct reporting group if an SSRC collision occurs.¶
This document defines the RTCP Source Description (SDES) RGRP item. The RTCP SDES RGRP item MUST be sent by the reporting sources in a reporting group, and MUST NOT be sent by other members of the reporting group or by SSRCs that are not members of any RTCP reporting group. Specifically, every reporting source in an RTCP reporting group MUST include an RTCP SDES packet containing an RGRP item in every compound RTCP packet in which it sends an RR or SR packet (i.e., in every RTCP packet it sends, unless Reduced-Size RTCP [RFC5506] is in use).¶
Syntactically, the format of the RTCP SDES RGRP item is identical to that of the RTCP SDES CNAME item [RFC7022], except that the SDES item type field MUST have value RGRP=(TBA) instead of CNAME=1. The value of the RTCP SDES RGRP item MUST be chosen with the same concerns about global uniqueness and the same privacy considerations as the RTCP SDES CNAME. The value of the RTCP SDES RGRP item MUST be stable throughout the lifetime of the reporting group, even if some or all of the reporting sources change their SSRC due to collisions, or if the set of reporting sources changes.¶
An RTP mixer or translator that forwards RTCP SR or RR packets from members of a reporting group MUST forward the corresponding RTCP SDES RGRP items as well, even if it otherwise strips SDES items other than the CNAME item.¶
A new RTCP packet type is defined to allow the members of an RTCP reporting group to identify the reporting sources for that group. This allows participants in an RTP session to distinguish an SSRC that is sending empty RTCP reception reports because it is a member of an RTCP reporting group, from an SSRC that is sending empty RTCP reception reports because it is not receiving any traffic. It also explicitly identifies the reporting sources, allowing other members of the RTP session to know which SSRCs are acting as the reporting sources for an RTCP reporting group, and allowing them to detect if RTCP packets from any of the reporting sources are being lost.¶
The format of the RTCP RGRS packet is defined below. It comprises the fixed RTCP header that indicates the packet type and length, the SSRC of the packet sender, and a list of reporting sources for the RTCP reporting group of which the packet sender is a member.¶
0 1 2 3 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ |V=2|P| SC | PT=RGRS(TBA) | length | +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+ | SSRC of packet sender | +=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+=+ : List of SSRC(s) for the Reporting Source(s) : : ... : +-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+-+¶
The fields in the RTCP RGRS packet have the following definition:¶
8 bits unsigned integer. The RTCP packet type number that identifies the packet as being an RTCP RGRS packet. The RGRS RTCP packet has the value [TBA].¶
Every source that belongs to an RTCP reporting group but is not a reporting source MUST include an RTCP RGRS packet in every compound RTCP packet in which it sends an RR or SR packet (i.e., in every RTCP packet it sends, unless Reduced-Size RTCP [RFC5506] is in use). Each RTCP RGRS packet MUST contain the SSRC identifier of at least one reporting source. If there are more reporting sources in an RTCP reporting group than can fit into an RTCP RGRS packet, the members of that reporting group MUST send the SSRCs of the reporting sources in a round-robin fashion in consecutive RTCP RGRS packets, such that all the SSRCs of the reporting sources are included over the course of several RTCP reporting intervals.¶
An RTP mixer or translator that forwards RTCP SR or RR packets from members of a reporting group MUST also forward the corresponding RGRS RTCP packets. If the RTP mixer or translator rewrites SSRC values of the packets it forwards, it MUST make the corresponding changes to the RTCP RGRS packets.¶
Use of the RTP/AVPF Feedback Profile [RFC4585] allows SSRCs to send rapid RTCP feedback requests and codec control messages. If use of the RTP/AVPF profile has been negotiated in an RTP session, members of an RTCP reporting group can send rapid RTCP feedback and codec control messages following [RFC4585] and [RFC5104], as updated by Section 5.4 of [RTP-STREAMS], and by the following considerations.¶
The members of an RTCP reporting group will all see identical network conditions. Accordingly, one might therefore think that it doesn't matter which SSRC in the reporting group sends the RTP/AVPF feedback or codec control messages. There might be, however, cases where the sender of the feedback/codec control message has semantic importance, or when only a subset of the members of an RTCP reporting group might want to send RTP/AVPF feedback or a codec control message in response to a particular event. For example, an RTP video sender might choose to treat packet loss feedback received from SSRCs known to be audio receivers with less urgency than feedback that it receives from video receivers when deciding what packets to retransmit, and a multimedia receiver using reporting groups might want to choose the outgoing SSRC for feedback packets to reflect this.¶
Each member of an RTCP reporting group SHOULD therefore send RTP/AVPF feedback/codec control messages independently of the other members of the reporting group, to respect the semantic meaning of the message sender. The suppression rules of [RFC4585] will ensure that only a single copy of each feedback packet is (typically) generated, even if several members of a reporting group send the same feedback. When an endpoint knows that several members of its RTCP reporting group will be sending identical feedback, and that the sender of the feedback is not semantically important, then that endpoint MAY choose to send all its feedback from the reporting source and deterministically suppress feedback packets generated by the other sources in the reporting group.¶
It is important to note that the RTP/AVPF timing rules operate on a per-SSRC basis. Using a single reporting source to send all feedback for a reporting group will hence limit the amount of feedback that can be sent to that which can be sent by one SSRC. If this limit is a problem, then the reporting group can allow each of its members to send its own feedback, using its own SSRC.¶
If the RTP/AVPF feedback messages or codec control requests are sent as compound RTCP packets, then those compound RTCP packets MUST include either an RTCP RGRS packet or an RTCP SDES RGRP item, depending on whether they are sent by the reporting source or a non-reporting source in the RTCP reporting group respectively. The contents of non-compound RTCP feedback or codec control messages are not affected by the use of RTCP reporting groups.¶
When using RTCP Extended Reports (XR) [RFC3611] with RTCP reporting groups, it is RECOMMENDED that the reporting source is used to send the RTCP XR packets. If multiple reporting sources are in use, the reporting source that sends the SR/RR packets that relate to a particular remote SSRC SHOULD send the RTCP XR reports about that SSRC. This is motivated as one commonly combine the RTCP XR metrics with the regular report block to more fully understand the situation. Receiving these blocks in different compound packets reduces their value as the measuring intervals are not synchronized in those cases.¶
Some RTCP XR report blocks are specific to particular types of media, and might be relevant to only some members of a reporting group. For example, it would make no sense for an SSRC that is receiving video to send a VoIP metric RTCP XR report block. Such media specific RTCP XR report blocks MUST be sent by the SSRC to which they are relevant, and MUST NOT be included in the common report sent by the reporting source. This might mean that some SSRCs send RTCP XR packets in compound RTCP packets that contain an empty RTCP SR/RR packet, and that the time period covered by the RTCP XR packet is different to that covered by the RTCP SR/RR packet. If it is important that the RTCP XR packet and RTCP SR/RR packet cover the same time period, then that source SHOULD be removed from the RTCP reporting group, and send standard RTCP packets instead.¶
Many different types of middlebox are used with RTP. RTCP reporting groups are potentially relevant to those types of RTP middlebox that have their own SSRCs and generate RTCP reports for the traffic they receive. RTP middleboxes that do not have their own SSRC, and that don't send RTCP reports on the traffic they receive, cannot use the RTCP reporting groups extension, since they generate no RTCP reports to group.¶
An RTP middlebox that has several SSRCs of its own can use the RTCP reporting groups extension to group the RTCP reports it generates. This can occur, for example, if a middlebox is acting as an RTP mixer for both audio and video flows that are multiplexed onto a single RTP session, where the middlebox has one SSRC for the audio mixer and one for the video mixer part, and when the middlebox wants to avoid cross reporting between audio and video.¶
A middlebox cannot use the RTCP reporting groups extension to group RTCP packets from the SSRCs that it is forwarding. It can, however, group the RTCP packets from the SSRCs it is forwarding into compound RTCP packets following the rules in Section 6.1 of [RFC3550] and Section 5.3 of [RTP-STREAMS]. If the middlebox is using RTCP reporting groups for its own SSRCs, it MAY include RTCP packets from the SSRCs that it is forwarding as part of the compound RTCP packets its reporting source generates.¶
A middlebox that forwards RTCP SR or RR packets sent by members of a reporting group MUST forward the corresponding RTCP SDES RGRP items, as described in Section 3.2.1. A middlebox that forwards RTCP SR or RR packets sent by member of a reporting group MUST also forward the corresponding RTCP RGRS packets, as described in Section 3.2.2. Failure to forward these packets can cause compatibility problems, as described in Section 4.2.¶
If a middlebox rewrites SSRC values in the RTP and RTCP packets that it is forwarding, then it MUST make the corresponding changes in RTCP SDES packets containing RGRP items and in RTCP RGRS packets, to allow them to be associated with the rewritten SSRCs.¶
This document defines the "a=rtcp-rgrp" Session Description Protocol (SDP) [RFC4566] attribute to indicate if the session participant is capable of supporting RTCP Reporting Groups for applications that use SDP for configuration of RTP sessions. It is a property attribute, and hence takes no value. TESTING: See Section 2 of [SDP-ATTRIBUTES] and Section 3 of [I-D.ietf-mmusic-ice-sip-sdp]. A participant that proposes the use of RTCP Reporting Groups SHALL itself support the reception of RTCP Reporting Groups.¶
When using SDP Offer/Answer [RFC3264], the following procedures are to be used:¶
In declarative usage of SDP, such as the Real Time Streaming Protocol (RTSP) [RFC2326] and the Session Announcement Protocol (SAP) [RFC2974], the presence of the attribute indicates that the session participant MAY use RTCP Reporting Groups in its RTCP transmissions. An implementation that doesn't explicitly support RTCP Reporting Groups MAY join a RTP session as long as it has been verified that the implementation doesn't suffer from the problems discussed in Section 4.2.¶
This section provides additional information on what the resulting properties are with the design specified in Section 3. The content of this section is non-normative.¶
To understand the benefits of RTCP reporting groups, consider a scenario in which the two endpoints in a session each have a hundred sources, of which eight each are sending within any given reporting interval.¶
For ease of analysis, we can make the simplifying approximation that the duration of the RTCP reporting interval is equal to the total size of the RTCP packets sent during an RTCP interval, divided by the RTCP bandwidth. (This will be approximately true in scenarios where the bandwidth is not so high that the minimum RTCP interval is reached.) For further simplification, we can assume RTCP senders are following the recommendations regarding Compound RTCP Packets in [RTP-STREAMS]; thus, the per-packet transport-layer overhead will be small relative to the RTCP data. Thus, only the actual RTCP data itself need be considered.¶
In a report interval in this scenario, there will, as a baseline, be 200 SDES packets, 184 RR packets, and 16 SR packets. This amounts to approximately 6.5 kB of RTCP per report interval, assuming 16-byte CNAMEs and no other SDES information.¶
Using the original [RFC3550] everyone-reports-on-every-sender feedback rules, each of the 184 receivers will send 16 report blocks, and each of the 16 senders will send 15. This amounts to approximately 76 kB of report block traffic per interval; 92% of RTCP traffic consists of report blocks.¶
If reporting groups are used, however, there is only 0.4 kB of reports per interval, with no loss of useful information. Additionally, there will be (assuming 16-byte RGRPs, and a single reporting source per reporting group) an additional 2.4 kB per cycle of RGRP SDES items and RGRS packets. Put another way, the unmodified [RFC3550] reporting interval is approximately 9 times longer than if reporting groups are in use.¶
The RTCP traffic generated by receivers using RTCP Reporting Groups might appear, to observers unaware of these semantics, to be generated by receivers who are experiencing a network disconnection, as the non-reporting sources appear not to be receiving a given sender at all.¶
This could be a potentially critical problem for such a sender using RTCP for congestion control, as such a sender might think that it is sending so much traffic that it is causing complete congestion collapse.¶
However, such an interpretation of the session statistics would require a fairly sophisticated RTCP analysis. Any receiver of RTCP statistics which is just interested in information about itself needs to be prepared that any given reception report might not contain information about a specific media source, because reception reports in large conferences can be round-robined.¶
Thus, it is unclear to what extent such backward compatibility issues would actually cause trouble in practice.¶
The security considerations of [RFC3550] and [RTP-STREAMS] apply. If the RTP/AVPF profile is in use, then the security considerations of [RFC4585] (and [RFC5104], if used) also apply. If RTCP XR is used, the security consideration of [RFC3611] and any XR report blocks used also apply.¶
The RTCP SDES RGRP item is vulnerable to malicious modifications unless integrity protected is used. A modification of this item's length field cause the parsing of the RTCP packet in which it is contained to fail. Depending on the implementation, parsing of the full compound RTCP packet can also fail causing the whole packet to be discarded. A modification to the value of this SDES item would make the receiver of the report think that the sender of the report was a member of a different RTCP reporting group. This will potentially create an inconsistency, when the RGRS reports the source as being in the same reporting group as another source with another reporting group identifier. What impact on a receiver implementation such inconsistencies would have are difficult to fully predict. One case is when congestion control or other adaptation mechanisms are used, an inconsistent report can result in a media sender to reduce its bit-rate. However, a direct modification of the receiver report or a feedback message itself would be a more efficient attack, and equally costly to perform.¶
The new RGRS RTCP Packet type is very simple. The common RTCP packet type header shares the security risks with previous RTCP packet types. Errors or modification of the length field can cause the full compound packet to fail header validation (see Appendix A.2 of [RFC3550]) resulting in the whole compound RTCP packet being discarded. Modification of the SC or P fields would cause inconsistency when processing the RTCP packet, likely resulting it being classified as invalid. A modification of the PT field would cause the packet being interpreted under some other packet type's rules. In such case the result might be more or less predictable but packet type specific. Modification of the SSRC of packet sender would attribute this packet to another sender. Resulting in a receiver believing the reporting group applies also for this SSRC, if it exists. If it doesn't exist, unless also corresponding modifications are done on a SR/RR packet and a SDES packet the RTCP packet SHOULD be discarded. If consistent changes are done, that could be part of a resource exhaustion attack on a receiver implementation. Modification of the "List of SSRCs for the Reporting Source(s)" would change the SSRC the receiver expect to report on behalf of this SSRC. If that SSRC exist, that could potentially change the report group used for this SSRC. A change to another reporting group belonging to another endpoint is likely detectable as there would be a mismatch between the SSRC of the packet sender's endpoint information, transport addresses, SDES CNAME etc and the corresponding information from the reporting group indicated.¶
In general the reporting group is providing limited impacts attacks. The most significant result from an deliberate attack would be to cause the information to be discarded or be inconsistent, including discard of all RTCP packets that are modified. This causes a lack of information at any receiver entity, possibly disregarding the endpoints participation in the session.¶
To protect against this type of attacks from external non trusted entities, integrity and source authentication SHOULD be applied. This can be done, for example, by using SRTP [RFC3711] with appropriate key-management, other options exist as discussed in RTP Security Options [RFC7201].¶
The Report Group Identifier has a potential privacy impacting properties. If this would be generated by an implementation in such a way that is long term stable or predictable, it could be used for tracking a particular end-point. Therefore it is RECOMMENDED that it be generated as a short-term persistent RGRP, following the rules for short-term persistent CNAMEs in [RFC7022]. The rest of the information revealed, i.e. the SSRCs, the size of reporting group and the number of reporting sources in a reporting group is of less sensitive nature, considering that the SSRCs and the communication would anyway be revealed without this extension. By encrypting the report group extensions the SSRC values would preserved confidential, but can still be revealed if SRTP [RFC3711] is used. The size of the reporting groups and number of reporting sources are likely determinable from analysis of the packet pattern and sizes. However, this information appears to have limited value.¶
(Note to the RFC-Editor: in the following, please replace "TBA" with the IANA-assigned value, and "XXXX" with the number of this document, then delete this note)¶
The IANA is requested to register one new RTCP SDES items in the "RTCP SDES Item Types" registry, as follows:¶
| Value | Abbrev | Name | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| TBA | RGRP | Reporting Group Identifier | RFC XXXX |
The definition of the RTCP SDES RGRP item is given in Section 3.2.1 of this memo.¶
The IANA is also requested to register one new RTCP packet type in the "RTCP Control Packet Types (PT)" Registry as follows:¶
| Value | Abbrev | Name | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| TBA | RGRS | Reporting Group Reporting Sources | RFC XXXX |
The definition of the RTCP RGRS packet type is given in Section 3.2.2 of this memo.¶
The IANA is also requested to register one new SDP attribute:¶
The definition of the "a=rtcp-rgrp" SDES attribute is given in Section 3.6 of this memo.¶